Showing posts with label sea ice. Show all posts
Showing posts with label sea ice. Show all posts

Friday, August 7, 2026

Record high temperatures

Record high global surface air temperature for the time of year

On August 15, 2026, the global surface air temperature was 17.05°C, the highest temperature on record for this day of the year. The globe (inset) shows the global temperature anomaly vs 1991-2020 on August 15, 2026, with anomalies showing up higher than 12°C and with Antarctica and sea ice around Antarctica getting hit by very high (as well as low) temperature anomalies.


Record high Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature 

Land temperatures are rising faster than ocean temperatures. The Northern Hemisphere is heating up faster than the Southern Hemisphere, since the Northern Hemisphere has more land. On August 1, 2026, a record high temperature of 22.4°C was reached in the Northern Hemisphere, 1.45°C higher than 1979-2000, as illustrated by the image below. The globe (inset) shows temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 on August 1, 2026, with the Northern Hemisphere highlighted.

[ click on images to enlarge ]
The above anomalies are not calculated from pre-industrial. Another threshold is the wet-bulb temperature threshold, at which the human body can no longer cool down by sweating even in strong wind.

The image below shows a forecast for July 26, 2026, 21:00 UTC. The image shows a temperature of 122°F (50°C) at a location near Death Valley with a relative humidity of 9% resulting in a wet bulb globe temperature of 95°F (35°C). At the same time, a temperature of 116°F (47°C) with a relative humidity of 20% results in a wet bulb globe temperature of 97°F (36°C) at a location in the south of California.

[ Wet-bulb threshold crossed, image from earlier post ]
The wet-bulb globe temperature is measured in direct sunlight, whereas the wet-bulb temperature is measured in the shade. The wet-bulb temperature threshold can be reached or exceeded by a combination of temperature and humidity, and it is the maximum, the absolute physiological limit, that a human can endure as a peak. It was long assumed that reaching such a limit would require a large increase in global temperature. However, a 2020 study (led by Raymond) warns that this limit could be regularly exceeded with a temperature rise of less than 2.5°C above pre-industrial. As the above image indicates, the wet bulb globe temperature limit can already be reached or even exceeded now.

Furthermore, a 2022 study (led by Vecellio) finds that the actual limit can be much lower — about 31°C wet-bulb or 87°F at 100% humidity — even for young, healthy subjects. The temperature for older populations, who are more vulnerable to heat, is likely even lower. In practice the limit will typically be lower and depending on circumstances could be as low as a wet-bulb temperature of 25°C.

Record high sea surface temperature 

As illustrated by the image below, from an earlier post, the world (60°S–60°N, 0–360°E) sea surface temperature was 21.2°C on August 5, 2026, a record high temperature and 0.99°C higher than 1982-2010 (which is not pre-industrial). The globe (inset bottom left) shows sea surface temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 on August 5, 2026.


Ocean heat is getting pushed along the path of the Gulf Stream from the North Atlantic through the Fram Strait into the Arctic Ocean and - to a lesser extent - from the North Pacific through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean.

The image below shows sea surface temperature anomalies on August 9, 2026.  


The image below, adapted from NOAA, shows sea surface temperatures as high as 33.5°C (or 92.3°F) around North America on August 16, 2026. The image also illustrates geographic conditions facilitating the Gulf Stream to push ocean heat north in the Atlantic Ocean toward the Arctic.

[ Sea surface temperatures as high as 33.5°C on August 16, 2026 - click on images to enlarge ]

The image on the right shows a surface temperature of 23.1°C or 73.5°F recorded at a location on Greenland marked by the green circle on August 5, 2026.

As air temperatures and sea surface temperatures rise at higher latitudes, the danger increases that a huge amount of warm, salty water suddenly gets pushed into the Arctic Ocean by a cyclone, destabilizing sediments at the seafloor and triggering eruptions of methane from hydrates.

This danger has been discussed in many earlier posts such as this 2018 post.

The combination image below shows a nullschool.net image with a sea surface temperature of 4.6°C or 40.3°F recorded at the green circle on August 8, 2026 (left), and Northern Hemisphere maximum temperature on August 9, 2026 (right).


Sea ice 

Rising temperatures threaten to unleash a Double Blue Ocean Event. 

The combination image below shows Arctic sea ice concentration on August 8, 2026 (left), and Arctic sea ice thickness on August 8, 2026 (right). 


The high temperatures that are recorded in many places in August 2026 are not restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. The image below shows that a temperature of 42°C or 107.6°F is forecast to hit a location in Paraguay (marked by the green circle) while it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, on August 17, 2026.


On August 13, 2026, the global sea ice area was 15.56 million km², the second lowest on record for that day and a deviation of -5.07σ, as illustrated by the image below. The year 2026 is highlighted in black, the year 2025 is highlighted in blue and the years 2023 and 2024 are highlighted in purple. 


The combination image below shows Antarctic sea ice concentration on August 12, 2026. The image on the right also shows the median ice edge 1981-2010. 


On August 13, 2026, Antarctic sea ice area was 2 million km² lower than 1981-2010, the second lowest on record for that day and a deviation of -4.44σ, as illustrated by the image below. The year 2026 is highlighted in black, the year 2023 is highlighted in blue and the year 2016 is highlighted in purple. 


Both 2016 and 2023 were strong El Niño years and the 2026 El Niño is on track to become even stronger, as discussed below. 

El Niño

The image below, from NOAA, shows an outlook of the 2026 El Niño strength and probabilities, issued August 2026.


The image below shows that the sea surface temperature in the Nino3.4 region was 29.65°C on August 9, 2026, 2.87°C higher than 1982-2010 and a jump of 3.9°C in a span of 7 months from the 25.75°C recorded on January 9, 2026. The globe (inset bottom) shows sea surface temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 on August 9, 2026 with the Nino3.4 region highlighted in the Pacific Ocean.


Back in March 2026, La Niña was dominant, but this time what is forecast to be the strongest El Niño on record is present and it is strengthening, with the potential to unleash a Double Blue Ocean Event, an Arctic Blue Ocean Event in 2026 followed by an Antarctic Blue Ocean Event in early 2027.


The above image is adapted from Climate Reanalyzer and shows sea surface temperature anomalies versus 1951-1980 over the years in the Niño3.4 region, a region in the Pacific Ocean that is indicative for El Niño strength. The image has a potential 2026 El Niño anomaly of more than 3.5°C added (red dashed line on the right) to highlight the danger that a Double Blue Ocean Event will occur. For more on the 2026 El Niño also see this earlier post. 


The above image shows the global monthly temperature anomaly versus 1951-1980 through July 2026. 


The above image shows the July 2026 temperature anomaly versus 1951-1980, with very high anomalies showing up over and around Antarctica. 

[ click on images to enlarge, image from earlier post ]
The above image, from Berkeley Earth Temperature Report for 2024, illustrates the importance of Antarctic Sea ice loss in accelerating the temperature rise in 2020-2023 compared to 2010-2019. The red color shows an area with an extra radiative forcing of +2.1 W/m², which is primarily the result of Antarctic sea ice loss. This +2.1 W/m² is about as much as forcing as the change caused by all CO² released by people from 1750 to 2019, according to IPCC AR6 figures (image right, from earlier post).

Antarctic sea ice area was only 1.09 million km² on February 22, 2023, very close to the 1 million km² threshold when a Blue Ocean Event could be called, as illustrated by the image on the right, from an earlier post.

El Niño could trigger huge rise

Land temperatures are rising faster than ocean temperatures. The image below shows NASA Land-Only annual anomalies versus 1880-1890 (not pre-industrial) through 2025. 


The above image shows that 1.5°C was crossed on land for each month since 2009 (black squares). The Lowess 3-year smoothing trend (red line) indicates that 2°C was crossed on land in 2021 and that 3°C may get crossed on land soon, possibly before 2030 if this trend continues (dashed red extension), or even as early as end 2026, triggered by El Niño (see image below).

As said, land temperatures are rising faster than ocean temperatures. The Northern Hemisphere is heating up faster than the Southern Hemisphere, since the Northern Hemisphere has more land. The image below shows NOAA temperature anomalies versus 1901-2000 (not pre-industrial) on land in the Northern Hemisphere through July 2026 with a polynomial trend added. The image should act as a warning, illustrating the danger that the strengthening 2026 El Niño could trigger a rapid and steep rise in temperature on land in the Northern Hemisphere in late 2026 that could cross the 3°C threshold.


Human extinction

Most people live on land in the Northern Hemisphere. A 2019 post discussed a 2018 study (by Strona & Bradshaw) indicating that most life on Earth will disappear with a 5°C rise. What does this mean for humans? Terrestrial vertebrates are more in danger than many other species, since they depend on numerous other species for food. Humans are terrestrial vertebrates and humans are also large warm-blooded mammals with high metabolic rates, thus requiring more habitat. It also takes a long time for humans to reach maturity. Additionally, humans have become addicted to processed food, fossil fuels, plastic, etc. Furthermore, humans require large amounts of fresh water, including for sweating when temperatures rise. Therefore, a temperature rise of more than 3°C may be fatal for many species such as humans. In other words, a 3°C rise may suffice to cause human extinction, as warned about in earlier posts such as this one. The image below highlights the existential danger for humans.
As temperatures rise, the outlook is widespread crop loss and shortages of fresh water. Temperatures are rising too fast for forests to adapt by moving to higher latitudes. It takes centuries for tree populations to adapt—far too slow to keep pace with today’s rapid warming. Merely planting trees may not help much if the soil lacks ectomycorrhizal fungi, as discussed in an earlier post. Rapidly transforming society could improve the outlook, but - sadly - this currently doesn't have much government support.

Conclusion

The situation is dire and unacceptably dangerous, and the precautionary principle necessitates the danger to be acknowledged, while facilitating rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the outlook, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as described in posts such as in this 2022 post and this 2025 post, and as discussed in the Climate Plan group.


Links

• Climate Reanalyzer
https://climatereanalyzer.org

• NASA - Goddard Institute for Space Studies
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp

• NOAA - Sea Surface Temperature Contour Charts
https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/products/ocean/sst/contour/index.html

• NOAA - ENSO strength probabiliities
https://cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso/roni/strengths

• Nullschool.net
https://earth.nullschool.net

• NSIDC - National Snow and Ice Data Center
https://www.nsidc.org

• Rising temperature threatens to devastate sea ice 


• Double Blue Ocean Event

• Double Blue Ocean Event 2026-2027? - update

• Antarctica


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Tuesday, July 28, 2026

Rising temperature threatens to devastate sea ice

Rising temperature

On July 21, 2026, the world temperature was at a record high for the time of year (image below).


On July 21, 2026, the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere was also at a record high for the time of year (image below).


The temperature in the Tropics was at a record high for the time of year on July 22, 2026 (image below).


On July 21, 2026, the temperature in the Arctic was at a record high for the time of year (image below). 


The Arctic is especially vulnerable to high temperatures. The amount of insolation received by the Arctic is very high at this time of year. Furthermore, high Arctic temperature peaks were earlier reached in 2016, when a very strong El Niño was present. This time, the 2026 El Niño is on track to be even stronger.

Insolation changes with the seasons and also changes between day and night. In the image below, adapted from Wikipedia, latitude is on the vertical axis and time of year is on the top horizontal axis.

[ The June Solstice in 2026 occurred on June 21, 2026. ]
In the Arctic, annual insolation is at its highest at the June Solstice, i.e. June 21 for the year 2026. Around this time of year, the sunlight has less distance to travel through the thinner atmosphere over the Arctic, compared to the atmosphere at the Equator. Therefore, less sunlight gets absorbed or scattered over the Arctic before reaching the surface.


In addition, the high angle of the Sun produces long days, while sunlight is also concentrated over a smaller area. Above the Arctic Circle, the Sun does not set at this time of year, so solar radiation continues all day and night. During the months of June and July, insolation over the Arctic is higher than anywhere else on Earth.

How much sunlight does reach the Arctic surface further depends on weather conditions such as clouds and how much heat gets pushed by the wind toward the North Pole. As temperatures have risen over the years, the Jet Stream has become more deformed, increasing the danger that heatwaves over land extend over the Arctic Ocean. Deformation of the Jet Stream can also lead to increasingly strong winds speeding up ocean currents that can abruptly push huge amounts of ocean heat into the Arctic ocean, as further discussed at the post Arctic sea ice July 2022.

[ Arctic heating up most strongly ]
This partly explains why the temperature rise is accelerating most strongly in the Arctic. The image on the right, adapted from NASA, shows anomalies versus 1951-1980 as high as 3.88°C.

Further contributing to the strong rise in the Arctic are albedo changes, loss of the latent heat buffer, and jet stream changes that can cause more heatwaves and more ocean heat moving into the Arctic Ocean and result in methane releases.

[ forecast for August 2, 2026 ]
Very high temperatures are increasingly occurring at higher altitudes. The image on the right shows a forecast for August 2, 2026, of high temperatures reaching Canada, as illustrated by the image on the right.

A recent study led by Christina Schädel warns that permafrost fires and thaw will release 63 Gt C for each degree Celsius rise in temperature, while emissions from permafrost fires and thaw are often excluded from calculations of anthropogenic emissions.

A recent Northern Hemisphere lakes study led by Jian Zhou finds that as a critical thermal threshold of mean winter air temperature gets crossed, the sensitivity of ice loss increases by up to 22-fold. 

[ forecast for August 8, 2026 ]
The image on the right shows a forecast for August 8, 2026, of high temperatures hitting a large part of South Dakota, further showing that high temperatures can reach higher latitudes north. 

The forecast also constitutes a warning that higher temperatures at higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere come with the danger of massive thawing of Arctic permafrost, melting of Arctic sea ice and releases of large amounts of greenhouse gases. 

Sea surface temperature

As temperatures at higher latitudes rise, the danger increases that a huge amount of warm, salty water suddenly gets pushed into the Arctic Ocean by a cyclone, destabilizing sediments at the seafloor and triggering eruptions of methane from hydrates. This danger has been discussed in many earlier posts such as this 2018 post. 

As illustrated by the image below, the world (60°S–60°N, 0–360°E) sea surface temperature was 21.2°C on August 5, 2026, a record high temperature and 0.99°C higher than 1982-2010 (which is not pre-industrial). The globe (inset bottom left) shows sea surface temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 on August 5, 2026.


Ocean heat is getting pushed along the path of the Gulf Stream from the North Atlantic through the Fram Strait into the Arctic Ocean and - to a lesser extent - from the North Pacific through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean. 

The image below shows sea surface temperatures as high as 33.3°C (or 91.94°F) around North America on August 2, 2026. The image also illustrates geographic conditions facilitating the Gulf Stream to push ocean heat north in the Atlantic Ocean toward the Arctic. 

[ Sea surface temperatures as high as 33.3°C, click on images to enlarge ]

The 2026 El Niño

The 2026 El Niño is on track to cause very high sea surface temperatures over the next few months. 

The image below, adapted from NOAA, shows a sea surface temperature anomaly versus 1991-2020 forecast dated July 31, 2026, for the Niño3.4 region (which is most indicative for El Niño development). Forecasts approach 5°C for parts of some members and exceed 4°C for part of the CFS.v2 (Coupled Forecast System version 2) ensemble mean (the black dashed line).


The image below shows a sea surface temperature anomaly forecast dated July 31, 2026, for the Niño3 region. Forecasts of many members partly exceed 5°C, while part of the mean approaches 5°C.


The image below shows the August 1, 2026, ECMWF forecast for the Niño3.4 region on the right, with a map of the El Niño regions on the left.


The combination image below shows August 1, 2026, ECMWF forecasts for Niño 1+2 region (left), the Niño 3 region (center) and the Niño 3.4 region (right).


The image below shows that the sea surface temperature in the Nino3.4 region was 29.59°C on August 4, 2026, 2.75°C higher than 1982-2010 and a jump of 3.84°C in a span of less than 7 months from the 25.75°C recorded on January 9, 2026. The globe (inset bottom) shows sea surface temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 on August 4, 2026 with the Nino3.4 region highlighted in the Pacific Ocean. 

[ click on images to enlarge ]

The image below shows sea surface temperature anomalies versus 1971-2000 on August 4, 2026. A huge amount of ocean heat has accumulated in the Pacific Ocean and in the Atlantic Ocean, overwhelming colder areas that were previously present in the oceans.


High and rising air and sea surface temperatures threaten to devastate sea ice. Arctic sea ice typically reaches its minimum extent in September. An Arctic Blue Ocean Event would strongly speed up acceleration of the temperature rise. The 2026 El Niño is still getting stronger and is on track to continue into early 2027. Antarctic sea ice typically reaches its minimum extent in February, so an Antarctic Blue Ocean Event could follow in early 2027.

Sea ice

The combination image below shows Arctic sea ice concentration on August 4, 2026 (left), and Arctic sea ice thickness on August 4, 2026 (right).


As illustrated by the image below, the global sea ice extent was 2.9 million km² lower than 1981-2010, a deviation of -4.11σ, on July 27, 2026 (highlighted in black). The year 2025 is highlighted in blue and the years 2023 and 2024 are highlighted in purple. 


The above image shows that the 2026 global sea ice extent anomaly has come down since the 2026 El Niño started to develop. The 2026 El Niño is on track to strengthen over the coming months, which spells bad news for both Arctic sea ice and Antarctic sea ice, and comes with the danger that a Double Blue Ocean Event will occur. 

Conclusion

The situation is dire and unacceptably dangerous, and the precautionary principle necessitates the danger to be acknowledged, while facilitating rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the outlook, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as described in posts such as in this 2022 post and this 2025 post, and as discussed in the Climate Plan group.


Links

• Climate Reanalyzer
https://climatereanalyzer.org

• NASA - Goddard Institute for Space Studies
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp

• Blue Ocean Event

• ECMWF - The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
https://charts.ecmwf.int

• Rapid acceleration of ice-cover loss from Northern Hemisphere lakes above critical air temperature thresholds - by Jian Zhou et al.
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2610752123
discussed on facebook at: 
https://www.facebook.com/groups/arcticnews/posts/10164551691999679

• Permafrost and wildfire carbon emissions indicate need for additional action to keep Paris Agreement temperature goals within reach - by Christina Schädel et al.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-026-03189-5
discussed on Facebook at:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/arcticnews/posts/10163804667894679 
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Tuesday, June 30, 2026

Water Vapor Worries

The Ozone Layer

[CC image, credit: nptel.ac.in ]
The Atmosphere can be divided into layers. The Troposphere is the layer that is closest to the surface. When rising up in the Atmosphere, the next layer up is the Stratosphere. The next layer up is the Mesosphere and the fourth layer from the bottom is the Thermosphere.

The temperature rises or falls in a different way in each of these layers, as illustrated by the red line in the image CC from archive.nptel.ac.in on the right and the scale on the bottom.

The ozone layer is located in the lower stratosphere at an altitude of 15 to 35 km or 9 to 22 miles above the Earth's surface, with the highest concentrations usually peaking around 25 km. This altitude corresponds with a pressure level of 100 to 10 mb or hPa.

The ozone layer absorbs 97% to 99% of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength), which otherwise could cause severe damage to life on Earth.

Water vapor rising over Antarctica

The image below shows a temperature anomaly forecast for July 3, 2026. At this time of year very little sunlight is reaching Antarctica, so the temperature over Antarctica can get very low. At the same time, global warming has increased sea surface temperatures and this also keeps air temperatures over water relatively warm. The difference in temperature strengthens wind patterns from the Southern Ocean to Antarctica, which can lead to atmospheric rivers moving toward Antarctica, carrying water vapor and heat from the Southern Ocean to Antarctica.


The red color on the above image indicates high temperature anomalies over Antarctica. The dark blue areas indicate where snow has fallen over the sea ice around Antarctica and over the interior of Antarctica. 


As temperatures rise, the water vapor in the air increases. The amount of water vapor that the air can hold rises by 7% for each 1°C temperature rise (Clausius-Clapeyron relation). While much of the water vapor will fall out of the air as precipitation, in the form of rain or snow, some of the water vapor will remain in the air. This extra water vapor increases temperatures, since water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas. The IPCC adds: Water vapor feedback acting alone approximately doubles the warming from what it would be for fixed water vapor. Furthermore, water vapor feedback acts to amplify other feedbacks in models, such as cloud feedback and ice albedo feedback. If cloud feedback is strongly positive, the water vapor feedback can lead to 3.5 times as much warming as would be the case if water vapor concentration were held fixed.

Part of the precipitation will fall over Antarctica in the form of snow, thickening the snow cover there, without returning to the surface of the Southern Ocean. The net result is that the salinity of the Southern Ocean surface increases, facilitating increased melting of Antarctic sea ice, further speeding up the temperature rise, as also discussed in earlier posts such as this one.

The threat is further illustrated by the image below, which shows a forecast of precipitable water standardized anomalies on June 30, 2026. 


[ minus 70.2°C near South Pole ]
In the Northern Hemisphere, rising temperatures are narrowing the temperature difference between the Equator and the North Pole, slowing down the wind flow from south to north, resulting in a distorted Jet Stream that goes circular in many areas, and this can increase the severity, intensity, frequency, duration and ubiquity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves and forest fires. 

The Jet Stream in the Southern Hemisphere is now very powerful, since the temperature difference is large between the Equator and the South Pole, where temperatures lower than -70°C are recorded, as illustrated by the image on the right. 

The situation is further illustrated by the image below, dated July 25, 2026, 09:00 UTC. At a location marked by the green circle, wind at 250 hPa reaches a speed of 321 km/h, while Instantaneous Wind Power Density is 143.1 kW/m².  


This can at times cause the Jet Stream to move over parts of Antarctica, enabling warm, moist air to move from the Southern Ocean over Antarctica, which can result in very high temperatures anomalies, as illustrated by the image below that shows a forecast with areas over Antarctica reaching temperature anomalies of about +30°C on July 18, 2026, i.e. winter heatwave conditions in Antarctica.


In the video below, Guy McPherson discussed warming of Antarctica. 


Damage to the Ozone Layer

Furthermore, part of the extra water vapor can rise up and moisten the atmosphere up to and above the ozone layer. The combination image below shows relative humidity on June 30, 2026 at 01:00 UTC, with relative humidity reaching up to 100% at surface level (left), up to 100% at 70 mb or hPa (center), and up to 23% at 10 mb or hPa (right).


[ from earlier post ]
Increases in stratospheric water vapor are bad news, as they not only speed up global warming but also lead to loss of stratospheric ozone, as Drew Shindell pointed out back in 2001.

It has long been known that deterioration of the ozone shield increases ultraviolet-B irradiation, in turn causing skin cancer.

Research (box right) suggests that, millions of years ago, it could also have led to loss of fertility and consequent extinction in plants and animals.

Water vapor reaching stratospheric altitudes causes ozone depletion, as James Anderson describes in a 2017 paper and discusses in the short 2016 video below.

[ from earlier post ]

A recent study led by Yifeng Peng finds that moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires since 2005 have systematically increased stratospheric water vapor. Both contribute through aerosol-induced tropopause warming; extreme wildfires also reveal an additional self-lofting pathway that transports water vapor into the stratosphere. 

Conclusion

The image below shows annual maximum daily precipitation change with a temperature versus 1850-1900 rise of 1.5°C, 2°C, and 4°C, from the IPCC AR6. 


The situation looks set to deteriorate further. More water vapor causes more warming, since water vapor is a potent greenhouse gas. As more snow falls over Antarctica, the sea surface of the Southern Ocean increases in salinity, which speeds up melting of sea ice. The extra water vapor and increased melting of sea ice can both strongly accelerate the temperature rise, while water vapor that reaches the stratosphere also causes damage to the ozone layer.

The situation is dire and unacceptably dangerous, and the precautionary principle necessitates the danger to be acknowledged, while facilitating rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the outlook, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as described in posts such as in this 2022 post and this 2025 post, and as discussed in the Climate Plan group.


Links

• Moistening Atmosphere
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/moistening-atmosphere.html

• Care for the Ozone Layer
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/care-for-the-ozone-layer.html

• Science Snippets: The Catastrophic Warming of Antarctica - video by Guy McPherson

• Double Blue Ocean Event 2026-2027? - update 
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2026/06/double-blue-ocean-event-2026-2027-update.html

• Moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires humidify the stratosphere - by Yifeng Peng et al. 
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10731-0




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