Monday, April 14, 2025

Record high increase in carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations grew by 3.75 parts per million (ppm) during 2024, the highest growth rate on record.

The global average surface concentration of CO₂ for 2024 was 422.79 ppm, according to NOAA data.

The image below shows a trend based on 2019-2025 NOAA data that points at 1200 ppm CO₂ getting crossed in 2030.

The above trend illustrates that the clouds tipping point could get crossed in 2030 due to rising CO₂ alone, which on its own could push temperatures up by an additional 8°C. The clouds tipping point is actually at 1200 ppm CO₂e (carbon dioxide equivalent), so when taking into account growth of other greenhouse gases and further mechanisms, the tipping point could be crossed much earlier than in 2030. 

[ from earlier post ]

Meanwhile, concentrations of CO₂ have exceeded 430 ppm for six days in a row at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, as illustrated by the image below.

The Arctic is hit most strongly by the temperature rise, as illustrated by the image below showing the ERA5 global temperature anomaly for February-March 2025 versus 1951-1980.


Conditions are dire. Temperatures and concentrations of greenhouse gases are high and rising fast, sea ice is disappearing, sunspots are reaching their peak in this cycle and a new El Niño may emerge soon. 


     [ Arctic sea ice volume, click to enlarge ]
These conditions threaten to further drive up temperatures, while further acceleration of the temperature rise threatens to occur due to strengthening feedbacks and further mechanisms including eruptions of seafloor methane, sea ice loss and changes in ocean currents and wind patterns.

High ocean temperatures are already causing very low Arctic sea ice volume, as illustrated by the image on the right and as discussed in this earlier post.

As the likeliness of a huge and accelerating temperature rise, the severity of its impact, and the ubiquity and the imminence with which it will strike all become more manifest—the more sobering it is to realize that a mere 3°C rise may suffice to cause human extinction.

Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• NOAA - Global averaged marine surface annual mean carbon dioxide data
https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_annmean_gl.txt

• NOAA - Annual Mean Global Carbon Dioxide Growth Rates 






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Thursday, April 10, 2025

Trend warns about further acceleration of the temperature rise

The image below shows NASA temperature anomalies for January-March 2025 versus a 1951-1980 base. 

The image below is the same, but the anomaly is more closely specified (12 colors instead of 11), adding a pink color for anomalies higher than 6°C, by Makiko Sato. This highlights the very high anomalies that occurred over the Arctic Ocean during La Niña conditions, i.e. despite suppression of the temperature.  


The image below shows NASA data through March 2025. The monthly temperature anomaly has now been more than 1.5°C higher than the 1903-1924 custom base (not pre-industrial) for 21 consecutive months (July 2023 through March 2025). Anomalies are rising rapidly, the red line (2-year Lowess Smoothing trend) points at 2°C rise by the end of 2026.



On April 10, 2025, the global surface air temperature was 14.87°C (or 58.77°F), the highest temperature on record for this day. The image below shows ERA5 daily temperature anomalies from end 2022 through April 11, 2025, with two trends added, a black linear trend and a red cubic (non-linear) trend that reflects stronger feedbacks and that follows ENSO (El Niño/La Niña) conditions more closely. This red trend warns about further acceleration of the temperature rise. 


The shading added in the above image reflects the presence of El Niño conditions that push up temperatures (pink shading), La Niña conditions that suppress temperatures (blue shading), or neutral conditions (gray shading). Meanwhile, NOAA has announced that La Niña conditions have ended, meaning that temperatures are no longer suppressed. 

Such short-term variables are smoothed out in the black linear trend that shows a steady rise of 0.5°C over 3½ years (from 2023 to half 2026), a much steeper rise than the 1.1°C rise over 81 years (from 1941 to 2022) of a linear trend in an earlier image. 

The steep rise in temperatures in 2023 is also reflected in ocean temperatures. The image below shows sea surface temperature anomalies through March 2025, with a very steep rise visible until August 2023 due to El Niño, followed by a fall that was only half its size, while temperature anomalies look set to rise again now that La Niña is over. The red line (two-year Lowess Smoothing) indicates a steep rise that points at a continued steep rise far beyond 2026. 


The image below shows NOAA's ENSO (Nino3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies forecast) outlook issued April 6, 2025, with rising El Niño probabilities.


     [ Arctic sea ice volume, click to enlarge ]
A new El Niño may emerge soon and the red curved trend warns that the temperature rise could accelerate further, rising beyond 2°C (from 1991-2020) in the course of 2026. Such acceleration could occur not only due to El Niño but also due to feedbacks and further mechanisms such as loss of sea ice. 

High ocean temperatures result in low Arctic sea ice volume, as illustrated by the image on the right and as discussed in this earlier post.

As the likeliness of a huge and accelerating temperature rise, the severity of its impact, and the ubiquity and the imminence with which it will strike all become more manifest—the more sobering it is to realize that a mere 3°C rise may suffice to cause human extinction.

[ from earlier post ]

Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• NASA - temperature anomalies
https://data.giss.nasa.gov

• Climate Reanalyzer
https://climatereanalyzer.org

• Copernicus
https://climate.copernicus.eu

• NOAA - ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions - issued April 7, 2025
https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/lanina/enso_evolution-status-fcsts-web.pdf

• Danish Meteorological Institute - Arctic sea ice volume and thickness
https://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icethickness/thk.uk.php

• Transforming Society
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/transforming-society.html

• Climate Plan
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/climateplan.html

• Climate Emergency Declaration
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/climate-emergency-declaration.html



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Tuesday, April 1, 2025

Endangerment Finding in danger?


In the 2009 Endangerment Finding, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) confirmed that the current and projected concentrations of six key well-mixed greenhouse gases in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations.

Recently, President-elect Trump picked Lee Zeldin to lead the EPA and a Republican-controlled Senate subsequently confirmed Zeldin's appointment. More recently, in an EPA news release, Zeldin said that President Trump’s Executive Order gave the EPA Administrator a deadline to submit recommendations on the legality and continuing applicability of the 2009 Endangerment Finding. Having submitted these recommendations, the EPA can now announce its intent to reconsider the 2009 Endangerment Finding.

Patrick Parenteau, Professor of Law Emeritus, Vermont Law & Graduate School, comments that for Zeldin to revoke the Endangerment Finding, procedures must be followed and that could take months, while lawsuits will immediately challenge the move. Even if Zeldin is able to revoke the finding, that does not automatically repeal all the rules that rely on it. Each of those rules must go through separate rulemaking processes that will also take months. To the extent that Zeldin is counting on the conservative Supreme Court to back him up, he may be disappointed. In 2024, the court overturned the Chevron doctrine, which required courts to defer to agencies’ reasonable interpretations when laws were ambiguous. That means Zeldin’s reinterpretation of the statute is not entitled to deference. Nor can he count on the court overturning its Massachusetts v. EPA ruling to free him to disregard science for policy reasons.

Dictatorship versus democracy

Nonetheless, it is worrying if a President, backed by the Senate and through appointment of judges and heads of agencies such as the EPA, is able to effectively act like a dictator. It is even more worrying to see this happen in a country like the U.S., which after all has long taken great pride in having replaced the rule of a monarch by "We, the people" and having put in place many safeguards to avoid arbitrary rule, safeguards such as separation of powers, delegation of decision-making to lower governments and inclusion of clauses in the Constitution to protect fundamental rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, next to the right to vote and equal right to justice.

The War for Independence from the British Monarchy ended in 1783 by the Treaty of Paris, in which 'His Brittanic Majesty' acknowledges the United States to be free sovereign and Independent States. This was followed by the United States Constitution, which in its first three words – 'We The People' – affirms that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens, while the Constitution also separates the government into three branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

The need for policies to comply with best available science

The current situation should act as a wake up call. This is not merely a debate about interpretation of law or following a political ideology. This touches everyone and everybody should get involved in efforts to do the right thing. Dictatorship in itself is bad enough, but it's even worse when it serves climate change denial. The danger of climate change is real and this reality can and must compel any government, whatever its ideological background, to look for and adopt policies that are in line with best available science. This constitutes a necessity that, where there appears to be a conflict, must overrule even what the Supreme Court, the President or Congress may decree—something so obvious that people at the time didn't see a need for it to be enshrined in the Constitution. People did clearly recognize the importance of putting in place safeguards against arbitrary rule, but clearly more should be done now.

Principles for all to follow

In many Commonwealth jurisdictions, the provision for laws to be for the peace, order and good government is highlighted in their constitution, defining the principles under which legislation must be enacted by the respective parliament. As an example, the Australian Constitution vests the legislative power of the Commonwealth of Australia in its Federal Parliament, stating that Parliament has the power, subject to this Constitution, to make laws with respect to matters such as taxation, bounties, trade and commerce, while highlighting that such laws must be for the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth. Surely, "good government" comes with the imperative for all three branches of government (legislative, executive and judicial) to accept the dangers of climate change and act accordingly.

Europe has long embraced the principle of subsidiarity (preference for decision-making to occur at the lowest level of authority capable of addressing the issue, thus promoting local autonomy and participation). Additionally, some nations have ensured that the duty for government to support the environment is enshrined in their constitution, e.g. in the Netherlands, article 21 of the Constitution imposes the duty on government to keep the country habitable and to protect and improve the environment.

For the sake of democracy and the urgent need to act on climate change, good principles must be adopted and followed. Scientists should follow principles when doing research. Journalists should follow principles when writing reports. Politicians should implement forms of democracy that support decision-making at local level. Local areas can best develop sets of local feebates and institute Local People's Courts in which randomly-chosen local residents deliver verdicts to ensure that policies are indeed in line with best available science. Where needed, progress with climate action should be supported by a Climate Emergency Declaration.

Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.

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Monday, March 24, 2025

Accelerating Temperature Rise

The Northern Hemisphere temperature was 12.86°C on March 19, 2025, a record daily high and 1.65°C higher than 1979-2000.
Very high temperature anomalies are forecast over the Arctic Ocean for November 2025. 


[ Nov 2025 temperature anomaly forecast ]
The image on the right shows the same forecast of temperature anomalies for November 2025, in this case with a Northern Hemisphere projection. Very high anomalies are visible over the Arctic Ocean, showing anomalies of 13°C, i.e. at the end of the scale, so anomalies may be even higher over some parts of the Arctic Ocean. 

What makes such high temperatures possible is a combination of conditions and mechanisms as described below. Some conditions have been building up for a long time, whereas some mechanisms can contribute to a very rapid acceleration of the temperature rise. 

1. ENSO - a new El Niño could emerge in 2026. The image below shows NOAA's forecast outlook issued March 30, 2025, with rising El Niño probabilities.


2. Sunspots - have long been far higher than predicted, while expected to reach their peak in the current cycle in July 2025. NOAA has meanwhile added new predictions based on a nonlinear curve fit to the observed monthly values for the sunspot number and F10.7 Radio Flux, updated every month as more observations become available.

3. Earth's Energy Imbalance - very high and rising, as illustrated by the image below by Leon Simons.

4. Greenhouse gases

High concentrations of greenhouse gases and other gases such as carbon monoxide result in high temperatures. The daily average carbon dioxide (CO₂) at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, was 430.60 parts per million (ppm) on March 7, 2025, the highest daily average on record. To find CO₂ levels this high back in history, one needs to go back millions of years, as illustrated by the image below, from an earlier post. 
What makes current conditions even more dire is that not only are concentrations of CO₂ very high, but the speed at which CO₂ is rising is also unprecedented, while additionally there has been an increase in total solar irradiance of ∼400 Wm⁻² since the formation of the Earth. 

Between 14 and 15 million years ago, the temperature in central Europe was 20°C higher than today, as illustrated by the image below (adapted from a 2020 study by Methner et al.).

[ from earlier post ]
Given today's very high CO₂ levels, why is the temperature in central Europe not 20°C higher today? It can take long for oceans to heat up due to their mass, while ice also acts as a buffer, consuming heat in the process of melting and ice can also reflect a lot of sunlight back into space, as long as there is ice present.

A trend, based on 2015-2024 annual data, points at 1200 ppm CO₂ getting crossed in the year 2032, as illustrated by the image below.

[ from an earlier post ]
The above trend illustrates that the clouds tipping point could get crossed in early 2032 due to rising CO₂ alone, which on its own could push temperatures up by an additional 8°C. The clouds tipping point is actually at 1200 ppm CO₂e, so when taking onto account growth of other greenhouse gases and further mechanisms, the tipping point could be crossed much earlier than in 2033.

Methane in the atmosphere could be doubled soon if a trend unfolds as depicted in the image below. A rapid rise is highlighted in the inset and reflected in the trend.

[ from earlier post ]
The trend points at a doubling of methane by March 2026. If the trend would continue, methane concentrations in the atmosphere would by September 2026 increase to more than triple the most recent value, and would increase to more than fourfold the October 2024 value by the end of 2026. 

A rise like the one depicted in the trend could eventuate as rising ocean heat destabilizes methane hydrates contained in sediments at the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean. The temperature rise in the Arctic would accelerate since the methane would have a huge immediate impact on temperatures over the Arctic and cause depletion of hydroxyl, of which there is very little in the atmosphere over the Arctic in the first place. Such a rise in methane would also cause dramatic increases in tropospheric ozone and in stratospheric water vapor. A large increase in methane over the Arctic would also trigger massive forest fires and tundra fires, devastating terrestrial permafrost and resulting in huge amounts of further emissions.

5. Sea surface temperatures

While it can take long for oceans to heat up due to their mass, sea surface temperatures can rise rapidly and what makes the situation worse is that as temperatures rise, stratification increases. 

Slowing down of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) results in a huge amount of ocean heat accumulating in the North Atlantic. Much of the heat in the North Atlantic could soon be pushed abruptly into the Arctic Ocean, as storms can temporarily speed up currents strongly, carrying huge amounts of ocean heat with them into the Arctic Ocean. 
[ from earlier post ] 
The mechanism behind this has been described often in earlier posts and this page. Meanwhile, sea surface temperatures remain very high. The red trend on the image below points at a huge rise by 2026.

6. Less lower clouds - as temperatures rise, there is a decrease in lower clouds that have previously reflected a lot of sunlight back into space. A 2021 study finds that warming oceans cause fewer bright clouds to reflect sunlight into space, admitting even more energy into Earth's climate system.

[ Earthshine annual albedo anomaly expressed as reflected flux in W/m². CERES data. ] 
7. Reductions in cooling aerosols 

Reductions in sulfates and other cooling aerosols also result in albedo loss. Similarly, terpines from healthy trees can cause a lot of sunlight to be reflected back into space. Droughts, fires and deforestation can cause decreases in terpines. A recent study led by Annele Virtanen concludes that the indirect cooling effect of aerosols is at the higher end of the uncertainty range of IPCC AR6 and of satellite-derived forcing estimates.

8. More heating aerosols 

Heating aerosols such as soot are caused by road traffic, burning biomass for energy, burning wood for heat and forests fires. Such aerosols cause heat to remain in the atmosphere, while they also speed up the decline of sea ice and glaciers through albedo loss and growth of algae. 

9. Less sea ice and glaciers

Sea ice and glaciers have been in decline for many years and the decline may soon reach tipping points.
 
Arctic sea ice extent was 14.35 million km² on March 28, 2025, a record daily low for the time of year and 1.17 million km² lower than the extent in 2012 on this date. The comparison with extent in 2012 is important since Arctic sea ice extent was 3.18 million km² on September 16, 2012, an all-time low in this record dating back to 1981. A tipping point could be reached when sea ice falls below a critical threshold. 

[ Arctic-sea-ice extent, click on images to enlarge ]
A Blue Ocean Event could be declared when Arctic sea ice reaches or crosses a threshold of 1 million km² in extent. However, extent can include holes, gaps or cracks in the sea ice and melt ponds on top of the ice, all having a darker color than ice. By contrast, sea ice area is the total region covered by ice alone, making it a more critical measurement in regard to albedo than extent. Accordingly, the threshold for a Blue Ocean Event can be 1 million km² in area. 

Arctic sea ice area typically reaches its annual minimum about half September. Arctic sea ice area was only 2.24 million km² on September 12, 2012, i.e. 1.24 million km² away from a Blue Ocean Event. On March 19, 2025, Arctic sea ice area was 1.34 million km² lower than on March 19, 2012, as also discussed in an earlier post. Therefore, would there be such a difference about half September 2025, a Blue Ocean Event could be declared. 
The above image illustrates this, with the black dashed line indicating the threshold for a Blue Ocean Event and the red dotted line indicating Arctic sea ice area 1.34 million km² below what it was in 2012 for the respective date. 

Loss of albedo can occur due to retreat of sea ice, due to developments of cracks and holes in the sea ice, and due to discoloring of sea ice, which includes soot settling on the sea ice, growth of algae and ponding water on ice due to melting, as discussed in a recent study led by Philip Dreike. 

Loss of albedo can also occur due to loss of lower clouds and due to reduction in cooling aerosols (mechanism 3). Thawing of terrestrial permafrost is a further self-reinforcing feedback mechanisms that can cause more albedo loss as well as more emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, thus further accelerating the temperature rise in the Arctic. 

10. Latent heat buffer loss - as sea ice, permafrost and glaciers disappear.

Arctic sea ice decline comes not only with loss of albedo, but also with loss of the latent heat buffer that previously consumed a lot of heat entering the Arctic Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. This mechanism constitutes a critical tipping point. 

     [ Arctic sea ice volume, click to enlarge ]
Loss of Arctic sea ice volume is illustrated by the image on the right, indicating that Arctic sea ice has become much thinner over the years.

Sea ice acts as a Buffer that previously consumed much incoming ocean heat. As temperatures rise, sea ice thins and the Buffer disappears.

The disappearance of the Buffer occurs at the same time as increasingly larger amounts of ocean heat are entering the Arctic Ocean from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. 

Consequently, the temperature of the water of the Arctic Ocean threatens to increase dramatically. 

         [ Arctic sea ice volume, click to enlarge ]
The image on the right illustrates the decline of Arctic sea ice volume over the years.

More heat in turn threatens to reach sediments at the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean and destabilize hydrates contained in the these sediments, resulting in eruptions of huge amounts of methane from hydrates as well as from methane stored in the form of free gas underneath these hydrates.  

The image below illustrates these mechanisms and their interaction and amplification, i.e. the thinning of Arctic sea ice, the increase in ocean heat and the threat of methane eruptions.
[ The Buffer is gone ]
Further mechanisms

There are many further mechanisms that jointly can rapidly speed up the temperature rise. Many of these mechanisms are self-reinforcing feedbacks that can interact and amplify each other, such as the formation of a freshwater lid at the surface of the North Atlantic, as also illustrated by the images above and below. 

[ formation of a freshwater lid at the surface of the North Atlantic ]
[ from Moistening Atmosphere ]
Global warming is causing more extreme weather events all around the world, and as temperatures keep rising, these events look set to become more extreme, i.e. hitting larger areas for longer, with higher frequency, more ubiquity and greater intensity.

[ from earlier post ]
For more on mechanisms behind a steep rise in temperature, also see this earlier post. 

Warnings ignored

A 2013 post issued a runaway global warming warning, i.e. that a 2°C global temperature rise could eventuate by 2024 and that a 10°C global temperature rise could eventuate by 2040. A post later in 2013 warned that the global temperature rise could continue beyond 20°C, with the added comment that it is in many respects irrelevant whether a temperature rise of 20°C will be reached in 2049, 2050 or 2051; the point is, as Sam Carana said in 2013, that we're facing a global temperature rise of potentially more than 20°C and that such a temperature rise would devastate Earth and drive most species (including human beings) to extinction well before such a temperature rise is reached.

A 2015 post shows an update of the 10°C global temperature rise image, as well as an image with estimates of the climate-related deaths that could occur would such a rise eventuate, while a post later in 2015 shows an update of the warning of a 20°C global temperature rise combined with the accumulated climate-related deaths in a single image (copy below). 

Sadly, politicians have long ignored warnings that a steep rise in temperature could occur and that this would result in a horrific number of associated deaths. In some respects, warnings were confusing and too conservative, e.g. the above image may have given the wrong impression that the temperature rise would be gradual and that we had until the year 2054 to get into action, whereas over the years indications have become ever stronger that a huge rise could take place within a few years, even within one year, as discussed below.

A warning was issued in 2016 that the temperature could rise by more than 10°C by 2026. The 2016 analysis is recreated below. The most recent NASA data gives the February 2016 temperature an anomaly of 1.35°C above 1951-1980. A number of non-linear trends can be calculated based on the anomalies, including one trend based on 2000-2016 data pointing at 10°C getting crossed by 2026 and another trend based on 1880-2016 data pointing at 1.5°C getting crossed in 2030, as shown by the chart and the details below.   

[ from the Extinction page ]
Three further trends can be calculated, based on different periods, two of them pointing at a rise of 10°C by 2017 and one trend pointing at a rise of 10°C by 2016, thus indicating that such a steep rise could happen very fast.

The clouds tipping point is mentioned above. A 2019 study concludes that crossing a tipping point of 1200 ppm CO₂e could cause the disappearance of marine stratus clouds, resulting in a global temperature rise of 8°C, which would come on top of the rise associated with greenhouse gases reaching 1200 ppm CO₂e. 

The image on the right illustrates how much conditions and mechanisms could each contribute to such a huge temperature rise. 

Very fast mechanisms include panic. As more people start to realize how dire the situation is and as they seek to occupy the last few habitable areas left, more people may stop showing up for work, resulting in a rapid loss of the aerosol masking effect, as industries that now co-emit cooling aerosols (such as sulfates) come to a grinding halt (mechanism 7 above).

As it becomes harder to obtain food and fuel for cooking and heating, and as the grid shuts down due to conflicts and people no longer showing up for work, many people may start collecting and burning more wood, decimating the forests that are left and resulting in more emissions that further speed up the temperature rise. 

As temperatures rise, huge fires could also break out in forests, peatlands, grassland and urban areas (including backyards, landfills and buildings, in particular warehouses containing flammable materials, chemicals and fluorinated gases), further contributing to more emissions that speed up the temperature rise.

As the likeliness of a huge and accelerating temperature rise, the severity of its impact, and the ubiquity and the imminence with which it will strike all become more manifest—the more sobering it is to realize that a mere 3°C rise may suffice to cause human extinction. Indeed, humans will likely go extinct with a 3°C rise and most life on Earth will disappear with a 5°C rise, as discussed in an earlier post and illustrated by the image below. 

[ from earlier post ]

According to a recent study lead by Richard Meade, many regions may soon experience heat and humidity levels that exceed the safe limits for human survival. "Our research provided important data supporting recent suggestions that the conditions under which humans can effectively regulate their body temperature are actually much lower than earlier models suggested," states co-author Glen Kenny.

Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• Climate Reanalyzer
https://climatereanalyzer.org

• Tropical Tidbits
https://www.tropicaltidbits.com

• NOAA - ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions - 31 March 2025
https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/lanina/enso_evolution-status-fcsts-web.pdf

• Leon Simons - Earth's Energy Imbalance 
https://bsky.app/profile/leonsimons.bsky.social/post/3llcffaa65s2d

• High sensitivity of cloud formation to aerosol changes - by Annele Virtanen et al. (2025)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01662-y
discussed on facebook at: 
https://www.facebook.com/groups/arcticnews/posts/10162536396379679

• Arctic and Antarctic Data Archive System (ADS) of the National Institute of Polar Research of Japan
https://ads.nipr.ac.jp

• Kevin Pluck - seaice.visuals.earth
https://seaice.visuals.earth

• Danish Meteorological Institute - Arctic sea ice volume and thickness
https://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icethickness/thk.uk.php

• Albedo, latent heat, insolation and more
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/albedo.html

• Broadband radiometric measurements from GPS satellites reveal summertime Arctic Ocean Albedo decreases more rapidly than sea ice recedes - by Philip Dreike et al. 
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39877-x
• El Nino in 2025?
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2025/03/el-nino-in-2025.html

• The Clouds Feedback and the Clouds Tipping Point
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/clouds-feedback.html

• Mechanisms behind a steep rise in temperature

• How much will temperatures rise? (10°C rise image)

• Arctic Methane Impact (20°C rise image)

• Temperature rise (updated 10°C rise image)

• Methane Levels Early 2015 (updated 20°C rise image)

• Validating new limits for human thermoregulation - by Robert Meade et al. (2025) 
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