Showing posts with label temperature. Show all posts
Showing posts with label temperature. Show all posts

Saturday, January 18, 2025

Why downplay the need for action?

The 2024 global average surface temperature was 1.55°C above the 1850-1900 average, according to WMO’s consolidated analysis of six datasets. 

[ click on images to enlarge ]
Differences between datasets are mainly due to the ways temperatures are measured, e.g. ERA5 measures the temperature of the air above oceans, whereas NASA and NOAA measure the surface temperature of the water, which is lower. There can also be differences in how temperatures are measured in areas with sea ice - the sea ice can be measured, or the water underneath the sea ice, or the air above the sea ice. Also, in some areas there once was sea ice that has meanwhile disappeared. Different ways of measuring things can raise the temperature record by as much as 0.2°C and even more in case of earlier years, where the margin of error is also larger. 

Importantly, the temperature rise in the above image is compared to the period 1850-1900, which is not pre-industrial. When using a genuinely pre-industrial base, the temperature anomaly may already have been above the 2°C threshold in 2015, when politicians at the Paris Agreement pledged that this threshold wouldn't be crossed.

[ from earlier post ]
“Individual years pushing past the 1.5 degree limit do not mean the long-term goal is shot", UN Secretary-General Antóno Guterres says: “It is important to emphasize that a single year of more than 1.5°C for a year does NOT mean that we have failed to meet Paris Agreement long-term temperature goals, which are measured over decades rather than an individual year", WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo adds. 

However, for this argument to hold, the average anomaly would need to fall to under 1.5°C from now. Should we really have to wait for another decade or two, before a confirmation is allowed to be issued that 1.5°C has been crossed. Isn't such a mandate part of downplaying how dire the situation is, an effort to delay the necessary action? Moreover, does such a mandate make sense? 
[ click on images to enlarge ]
[ for more background, also view the Extinction page ]
To illustrate this point, the above image uses NASA anomalies (blue dots) that are conservatively compared to NASA's default 1951-1980 base, with data going back to 2010. The image thus shows a 30-year review period centered around January 1, 2025. Eight imaginary years of data have been added beyond existing data, extending the trend into the future (yellow dots). The wide pink trend is based on both NASA existing data and these imaginary data, jointly covering data from 2010-2032. The narrow black trend is not based on imaginary data, it is purely based on existing data, from 2010-2024, showing the potential for such a trend to eventuate when using existing (i.e. past) data only.

In case such a trend would indeed eventuate, confirmation of the crossing of the 1.5°C threshold should NOT be delayed until all the years of a 30-year period have been entirely completed. In fact, 2°C (vs 1951-1980) would already be crossed early 2026. In the course of 2032, a 16°C rise would be reached, while the average anomaly for the period 2010-2032 would be higher than 3°C (vs 1951-1980) with still 7 years to go before the 30-year period would be completed.

Warnings about the potential for such a rise have been sounded before, e.g. see the extinction page.

See also the image below with daily data.
[ temperature anomaly with ENSO shading, trends added, from an earlier post ]
Human extinction at 3°C

If the temperature does indeed keep rising rapidly, the anomaly compared to pre-industrial may soon or already be higher than 3°C, implying that humans are already functionally extinct, especially if no decisive, comprehensive and effective action is taken.

Analysis by Shona and Bradshaw found that, due to co-extinction, global biodiversity collapse occurs at around 5°C heating, as discussed in a 2019 post with the warning that a rise of more than 5°C could happen within a decade, possibly by 2026, and that humans who depend on many other species will likely go extinct with a 3°C rise.


A recent study by Joseph Williamson et al. finds that many species that live together appear to share remarkably similar thermal limits. That is to say, individuals of different species can tolerate temperatures up to similar points. This is deeply concerning as it suggests that, as ecosystems warm due to climate change, species will disappear from an ecosystem at the same time rather than gradually, resulting in sudden biodiversity loss. It also means that ecosystems may exhibit few symptoms of heat stress before a threshold of warming is passed and catastrophic losses occur. 

Arctic sea ice

[ Arctic sea ice extent, click on images to enlarge ]
During the first few months of the year, Arctic sea ice is still growing in extent. In the above image, the red line and red marker shows 2025 sea ice extent. Dots mark Arctic sea ice extent on January 19 for the respective year and Arctic sea ice extent was at a record low for the time of year on January 19, 2025, despite La Niña conditions. 

A new El Niño may emerge in the course of 2025, while both Arctic sea ice extent and volume are at record low, while numerous self-reinforcing feedbacks are kicking in with accelerating ferocity and while further mechanisms are active that drive up temperatures such as high sunspots. Such a combination of mechanisms could cause a huge temperature rise and a Blue Ocean Event in 2025, threatening huge amounts of methane to erupt from the seafloor.


[ Arctic sea ice volume, click to enlarge ]
On Jan 18, 2025, the sea surface temperature south of Svalbard (green circle) was 5.1°C, 3.4°C higher than 1981-2011, as the above image shows. 

High ocean temperatures result in low Arctic sea ice volume, as illustrated by the image on the right and discussed in this earlier post.

Guy McPherson discussed the consequences of an ice-free Arctic Ocean in the video below, adding that "a near-term, ice-free Arctic Ocean—the so-called Blue Ocean Event—is the extinction-causing event over which we have the least control. The rate of environmental change in the wake of such an event will suffice to cause the extinction of all life on Earth. 
I’m not a fan." 


Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55°C above pre-industrial level
https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre-industrial-level

• Met Office - 2024: record-breaking watershed year for global climate 
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/news-and-media/media-centre/weather-and-climate-news/2025/2024-record-breaking-watershed-year-for-global-climate

• Berkeley Earth - Global Temperature Report for 2024 
https://berkeleyearth.org/global-temperature-report-for-2024

• NASA - Goddard Institute Surface Temperature (GISTEMP v4) analysis 
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp

• NASA - Temperatures Rising: NASA Confirms 2024 Warmest Year on Record 

• pre-industrial

• Clustered warming tolerances and the nonlinear risks of biodiversity loss on a warming planet - by Joseph Williamson et al.

• Sunspots
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/sunspots.html

• Arctic and Antarctic Data Archive System (ADS) of the National Institute of Polar Research of Japan
https://ads.nipr.ac.jp

• nullschool.net
https://earth.nullschool.net

• Double Blue Ocean Event 2025?
• Guy McPherson - consequences of an ice-free Arctic Ocean

• Danish Meteorological Institute - Arctic sea ice volume and thickness
https://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icethickness/thk.uk.php

• The first ice-free day in the Arctic Ocean could occur before 2030 - by Céline Heuzé et al. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54508-3
als0o discussed on facebook at: 
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Monday, January 6, 2025

Sea ice decline January 2025

Antarctic sea ice

[ Antarctic sea ice, click on images to enlarge ]
The above images, adapted from University of Bremen and ClimateReanalyzer.org, illustrate the decline in thickness (in cm) and of Antarctic sea ice between August 27, 2024, and January 9, 2025, and the sea ice concentration on January 9, 2025.

The compilation image below shows the Southern Hemisphere on January 5, 2025, when the sea surface temperature off the coast of East Antarctica was 1.6°C at the green circle (image left), an anomaly from 1981-2011 of 1.8°C (image right).

[ SH Sea surface temperature on January 5, 2025, click on images to enlarge ]
Changes to ocean currents can contribute to more heat accumulating at the ocean surface and underneath the surface, resulting in more Antarctic sea ice melting from below and losing thickness. Where the temperature of the (saline) ocean water rises above -1.8°C (28.7°F), the sea ice will start melting away from below.

[ SH Sea surface temperature on January 8, 2025, click on images to enlarge ]
The above compilation image shows the Southern Hemisphere on January 8, 2025, when the sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean was 22.5°C at the green circle (image left), an anomaly of 5.2°C compared to 1981-2011 (image right).


The above image shows zonal mean ocean temperature trends down to 2000 m, from Cheng et al. 


The above image, from Berkeley Earth, illustrates the importance of Antarctic Sea ice loss in accelerating the temperature rise.  

High temperatures despite La Niña

The image below, adapted from NOAA, shows monthly temperature anomalies colored by ENSO values.

[ temperature anomaly colored by ENSO values, click on images to enlarge ]
While La Niña conditions are strongly present in January 2025, the La Niña is expected to be short-lived.


Temperatures are typically suppressed during La Niña. Despite temperatures being suppressed, the global surface air temperature reached 13.23°C on January 10, 2025, the highest temperature on record for the time of year, according to ERA5 data. Temperatures keep rising, as indicated by the trends in the image below. Will a new El Niño emerge in the course of 2025?

[ temperature anomaly with ENSO shading, trends added ]
The image below, created with NASA data through December 2024 while using a 1903-1924 custom base, illustrates that the monthly temperature anomalies have been above 1.5°C compared to this base for 18 consecutive months (from July 2023 through December 2024). The red line shows a trend (2-year Lowess Smoothing) associated with recent data and the trend indicates that the anomaly is rising.

[ monthly temperature anomalies compared to 1903-1924 ]
The image below shows that temperature anomalies for the past two years (2023 and 2024) have been at least 1.5°C above this custom 1903-1924. The red line again shows a 2-year Lowess Smoothing trend. 

[ 2023 and 2024 temperature anomalies compared to 1903-1924 ]
Note that the 1903-1924 base is not pre-industrial. When using a genuinely pre-industrial base, anomalies may be well above 2°C, as discussed at the pre-industrial page and in many earlier posts such as this one.

Sea surface temperature anomalies are also very high, as high as 8.5°C off the coast of Japan (at the green circle) on January 8, 2025.

[ Sea surface temperature anomaly on January 8, 2025 ]
The probabilities of El Niño conditions are expected to rise in the course of 2025. Keep in mind that the last El Niño wasn't even very strong. Moving from the bottom of a La Niña to the peak of a strong El Niño could make a difference of more than 0.5°C, as illustrated by the image below.

[ Temperature rise due to El Niño from earlier post ]
In a cataclysmic alignment, the upcoming El Niño threatens to develop while sunspots that are higher than expected are peaking in July 2025. The temperature difference between maximum versus minimum sunspots could be as much as 0.25°C. 

There are numerous additional mechanisms that could strongly accelerate the temperature rise, such as loss of sea ice and changes in ocean currents that could cause oceans to take up less heat and more heat to instead remain in the atmosphere. The dangers increase as sea surface temperatures keep rising.

[ Global Sea surface temperature ]
The Northern Hemisphere, where seasonal temperature peaks are more extreme, could be hit strongly. One of the largest dangers is that huge amounts of methane could erupt from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean and from thawing permafrost. The images above and below illustrate the danger, showing an even steeper rise of sea surface temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. 

[ NH Sea surface temperature ]
As temperatures keep rising, feedbacks can be expected to kick in with accelerating ferocity, such as more water vapor in the atmosphere, less lower clouds and changes to wind patterns, further accelerating the temperature rise and contributing to extreme weather disasters hitting the world more frequently over larger areas, with greater intensity and for longer periods. On land on the Northern Hemisphere, the danger of rapidly rising temperatures is particularly high. This can trigger widespread flooding, fires, drought, famine, heat stress, storms and other weather disasters, while crop loss, loss of habitable land and corrupt politicians threaten to cause violent conflicts to erupt around the world. 

[ Aerosols, from earlier post ]
As illustrated by the above combination image, changes in aerosols could cause temperatures to rise strongly in the Northern Hemisphere and in particular in the Arctic. As industrial activity grinds to a halt, temperatures could rise due to a loss of cooling aerosols that are currently masking the full wrath of the temperature rise, as discussed in earlier posts such a as this one. 

At the same time, releases of heating aerosols could increase due to more burning of wood and biofuel, more forest fires, peat field fires and urban fires, and more burning of industrial facilities and waste pits. Black and brown carbon cause the air temperature to rise, while they also darken the surface when settling down, thus further speeding up the decline of the snow and ice cover in the Arctic. 

[ Arctic sea ice volume ]
These mechanisms could jointly cause the global temperature to rise above 3°C from pre-industrial and drive many species (including humans) into extinction by 2026, as has been discussed in many earlier posts such as this one. 

Meanwhile, Arctic sea ice volume remains at a record low for the time of year. The image on the right, from dmi.dk, shows volume through January 13, 2025 (black arrow points at 2025 Arctic sea ice volume). 

High sea surface temperature anomalies are forecast for the Arctic Ocean for August 2025, as illustrated by the image below, from tropicaltidbits. 

[ Sea surface temperatures anomalies ]
As illustrated by the image below, very high temperature anomalies forecast over the Arctic Ocean for October 2025.

[ Temperature Anomalies (2 m) ]
  
Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• Double Blue Ocean Event 2025?
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2024/10/double-blue-ocean-event-2025.html

• Did a Terminal Temperature Acceleration Event start in December 2024?

• Record High Temperatures in the Ocean in 2024 - by Lijing Cheng et al. (2025)

• Berkeley Earth
• NOAA - Monthly Temperature Anomalies Versus El Niño/La Niña


• Copernicus - Global surface air temperature
https://pulse.climate.copernicus.eu

• NASA - GISS Surface Temperature Analysis

• Paris Agreement thresholds crossed 
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2024/08/paris-agreement-thresholds-crossed.html

• NOAA - National Centers for Environmental Information - Climate at a Glance - Global Time Series

• pre-industrial

• Sunspots

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Tuesday, November 5, 2024

Sea ice alert

Sea ice

[ click on images to enlarge ]
The above image shows Arctic sea ice extent from November 5 to December 24, a period when Arctic sea ice is growing in extent. The red line shows 2024 sea ice extent through November 23, 2024. Dots mark Arctic sea ice extent on November 23 for the respective year. On November 23, Arctic sea ice extent was lower only in 2016, which is worrying, since El Niño conditions were dominant in 2016, whereas La Niña conditions are now dominant. 

The current La Niña is predicted to be weak and short-lived, as illustrated by the image below, from NOAA. 


The image below shows NOAA monthly temperature anomalies versus El Niño through October 2024. 


The image below shows Antarctic sea ice extent during the months September and October, highlighting extent in 2023 and 2024, as compared to extent averages in previous decades.

As illustrated by the above image, Antarctic sea ice extent in September and October 2023 & 2024 was much lower than in previous decades, a huge difference that occurred during a period when little or no sunlight was reaching Antarctic sea ice. On November 9, 2024, Antarctic sea ice extent was 14.99 million km², a record low for the time of year.

Global sea ice typically reaches its annual maximum extent around this time of year, as Arctic sea ice expands in extent. On November 9, 2024, global sea ice extent was 23.34 million km², a record low for the time of year and well below the 24.15 million km² on November 9, 2023. 


Higher ocean heat in combination with higher air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean are two drivers behind the current slow growth in Arctic sea ice extent, which is in turn keeping global sea ice extent low.

[ from earlier post ]
Record low Arctic sea ice extent of 3.387 million km² was reached on September 17, 2012 (image below left). 

The fact that this has remained the record low for more than a dozen years may be caused by slowing down of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) resulting in less ocean heat reaching the highest latitudes North, while more ocean heat instead is accumulating in the North Atlantic. 

At the same time, rising ocean heat has caused a steady decrease in the volume of Arctic sea ice, as illustrated by the image on the right.  

The danger is that as more heat accumulates in the North Atlantic, some of it can get abruptly pushed into the Arctic Ocean along the path of the Gulf Stream due to ever stronger hurricanes and formation of a freshwater lid at the surface of the North Atlantic, resulting in more ocean heat reaching the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean and destabilizing sediments that contain hydrates holding huge amounts of methane, in turn resulting in huge amounts of methane abruptly entering the atmosphere. 

[ click on images to enlarge ]

Antarctic sea ice reached a record minimum extent of 1.788 million km² on February 21, 2023 (above image right). The increasingly low Antarctic sea ice extent of the past few years may have been caused by slowing down of AMOC causing less vertical mixing in the Southern Ocean, resulting in more heat  accumulating at the surface that melted more Antarctic sea ice, with numerous feedbacks reinforcing the sea ice decline.

Since the minimum extent of Antarctic sea ice is much lower than the minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic, it may well be that a Blue Ocean Event (BOE) will occur in the Southern Hemisphere, before occurring in the Northern Hemisphere. 

A double Blue Ocean Event could occur in 2025. Both Antarctic sea ice and Arctic sea ice could virtually disappear in 2025. A BOE occurs when sea ice extent falls to 1 million km² or less, which could occur early 2025 for Antarctic sea ice and in Summer 2025 in the Northern Hemisphere for Arctic sea ice.

The compilation of four images by the University of Bremen below illustrates the decline in Antarctic sea ice thickness from August 27, 2024, to November 28, 2024.


An Antarctic Blue Ocean Event in early 2025 would have terrifying consequences; it would rapidly and dramatically drive up global temperatures and threaten to unleash a double Blue Ocean Event in 2025.  

The image and the right and below illustrate the ocean heat that is accumulating at the surface of the Atlantic Ocean.

On November 30, 2024, the sea surface temperature of the US Atlantic was as high as 31.1°C.

On November 28, 2024, the sea surface temperature was 27.1°C in the Gulf of Mexico, 2.07°C higher than 1982-2010.  

[ click on images to enlarge ]

Historic rise: more than 1.5°C above 1903-1924 for 16 consecutive months 


The above image, created with NASA data through October 2024 while using a 1903-1924 custom base, illustrates that the monthly temperature anomaly has been more than 1.5°C above this base for 16 consecutive months (from July 2023 through October 2024). The red line shows a trend (2-year Lowess Smoothing) associated with recent data and the trend indicates that the anomaly is rising. 

How appropriate is the use of a 1903-1924 base? Using a different base can make a lot of difference. As illustrated by the image below, the temperature anomaly for February 2024 can be as high as 1.89°C when using a 1904-1911 base. 


A recent study argues that existing estimates of ocean temperatures for the period 1900–1930 are too cold. When adjusting ocean data upward, the anomaly compared to this period would come down, so in order not to downplay the temperature rise, it's important to put this into perspective.

As the image below shows, differences between ocean and land data for the period 1880-1898 are even larger, which is important since the period 1880-1898 is part of the period that the IPCC has selected as pre-industrial base. 


While adjusting ocean data for 1921-1943 makes sense, it is even more important to use the most appropriate base as pre-industrial and to adjust the temperature rise from pre-industrial accordingly. When using a genuinely pre-industrial base, anomalies such as the above-mentioned 1.89°C for February 2024 will exceed 2°C, as discussed at the pre-industrial page. 

[ click on images to enlarge ]
The map on the right with October 2024 temperature anomalies from 1951-1980 based on NCEP data shows high polar anomalies.   

Similarly, the map below with October 2024 temperature anomalies from 1951-1980 based on ERA5 data shows high polar anomalies.  

The 1951-1980 base for the maps is NASA's default base, but neither 1951-1980 nor the above 1903-1924 is pre-industrial. As said, anomalies from a pre-industrial base are higher.


The rise to come

As illustrated by the image below, adapted from Copernicus, the temperature in 2024 has been higher than it was in 2023 for most of the year. On November 23, 2024, the temperature was 13.86°C, the highest on record for the time of year. 


The image below shows temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 from early 2023 through November 23, 2024. Trends added to the ERA5 data show that the anomaly has been rising for almost 18 consecutive months, i.e. since the start of El Niño (June 2023, pink shading), during ENSO-neutral conditions (from May 2024, blue shading) and into La Niña (from October 2024, also blue shading).


The black linear trend shows a huge rise. The red trend is closer in line with variability such as resulting from ENSO and sunspots. The red trend indicates very high anomalies and a steep further rise into 2025, in line with the next El Niño becoming dominant in the second half of 2025, coinciding with very high sunspots.

Self-amplifying feedbacks, crossing of tipping points and further developments (such as loss of the aerosol masking effect) can all contribute to further accelerate the temperature rise through 2026, resulting in a rise from pre-industrial of more than 10°C, while in the process causing the clouds tipping point to get crossed that can push up the temperature rise by a further 8°C, as discussed in earlier posts such as this one.

Jet Stream distortion

As a result of the narrowing temperature difference between the Arctic and the Tropics, the Jet Stream gets distorted. The image below shows a distorted Jet Stream (250 hPa) over the North Atlantic on November 11, 2024. 


Precipitation

The image below shows an atmospheric river stretched out over the North Atlantic from the Tropics to the Arctic with high rainfall over the North Atlantic and snowfall over Greenland on November 11, 2024.  


Water vapor

The image below shows a forecast for November 12, 2024, with precipitable water anomalies at the high end of the scale over the Arctic Ocean. 

Feedbacks

The image below illustrates how multiple feedbacks can interact and jointly contribute to further acceleration of the temperature rise.

[ from earlier post ]

There are many feedbacks and other mechanisms active and they are interacting on top of driving up temperatures individually. 

Albedo change is a feedback that can have a huge impact. The currently very low global sea ice extent is a self-reinforcing feedback, as it results in less sunlight getting reflected back into space and more heat getting absorbed by oceans.

Extra water vapor is another self-reinfocing feedback, since water vapor is a potent greenhouse gas. 

These are just some of the feedbacks that can contribute to further acceleration of the temperature rise, as discussed in an earlier post.

Carbon dioxide keeps rising

The above image shows carbon dioxide on November 12, 2024 - forecast for 03 UTC by Copernicus. The graph at the bottom of the image shows monthly carbon dioxide exceeding 425 ppb in October 2024 at Mauna Lao, Hawaii, based on NOAA data with trend added.


The images on the right, adapted from Climate Reanalyzer, shows the total precipitation standardized anomaly over the past few years. The top image shows the anomaly in Brazil.

The image underneath on the right shows the anomaly in Africa. In many places, what were previously carbon sinks have turned into sources of carbon emissions.

[ click on images to enlarge ]
Methane

Ominously, high methane peaks have been recorded recently. The image below shows - on the left - that methane reached a peak of 2616 parts per billion (ppb) at 481.5-489 mb on November 28, 2024 pm, with high methane levels recorded over the Arctic and also over Antarctica. The image below shows - on the right - that, on November 28, 2024 pm, high methane levels were present over the oceans at 988.6-1002.4 mb. 



Where does the methane come from?

The image on the right shows methane at pressure levels from 988.6 to 1002.4 mb, which corresponds to near sea level, so no methane does show up on over land with higher elevation, e.g. Greenland, Antarctica, even Australia (lowest continent). 

Methane is light and will rise up in the atmosphere, so more methane will typically accumulate at higher altitudes than at near sea level. Much of the methane that is visible at the higher altitude image (left) is also present at the low altitude image (right) and at relatively high concentrations, peaking at 2415 parts per billion (ppb). 

Furthermore, on the image on the left with the 2616 ppb peak, relatively little extra magenta-colored methane shows up over continental areas where typically high concentrations are present, compared to the image on the right. 

These points indicate that much of the high concentrations of methane could have originated from oceans and from hydrates in sediments that are getting destabilized by high temperature swings. 

[ click on images to enlarge ]

As mentioned above, ocean heat threatens to destabilize sediments that contain hydrates holding huge amounts of methane, resulting in huge amounts of methane abruptly entering the atmosphere.

[ The Buffer has gone, feedback #14 on the Feedbacks page ]
Dangers associated with high temperatures are discussed in this earlier post. A 2018 study (by Strona & Bradshaw) indicates that most life on Earth will disappear with a 5°C rise. Humans, who depend for their survival on many other species, will likely go extinct with a 3°C rise, as illustrated by the image below, from an earlier post.


Climate Emergency Declaration

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• National Institute of Polar Research Japan
https://ads.nipr.ac.jp

• NOAA - Climate Prediction Center - 14 November 2024
https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html

• University of Bremen - sea ice
also discussed on facebook at: 
https://www.facebook.com/groups/arcticnews/posts/10162009995269679

• NOAA - sea surface temperatures - Contoured Regional Images of Blended 5 km SST Analysis 

• Early-twentieth-century cold bias in ocean surface temperature observations - by Sebastian Sippel et al. 
discussed on facebook at: 
https://www.facebook.com/groups/arcticnews/posts/10161956156144679

• pre-industrial
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/pre-industrial.html

• Climate Reanalyzer
https://climatereanalyzer.org

• Copernicus
https://climate.copernicus.eu

• NOAA - Global Monitoring Laboratory - Carbon Cycle Gases, trends in CO2
https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends
also discussed on facebook at: 
https://www.facebook.com/groups/arcticnews/posts/10161904718934679 
https://www.facebook.com/SamCarana/posts/10169996053330161

• Sunspots
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/sunspots.html

• Feedbacks in the Arctic
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/feedbacks.html

• Jet Stream
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/jet-stream.html

• Pre-industrial
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/pre-industrial.html

• The Clouds Feedback and the Clouds Tipping Point
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/clouds-feedback.html

• NOAA - HEAP IASI - methane
https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/products/atmosphere/soundings/heap/iasi/iasiproducts.html

• Transforming Society
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/transforming-society.html

• Climate Plan
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/climateplan.html

• Climate Emergency Declaration
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/climate-emergency-declaration.html







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