Showing posts with label concentration. Show all posts
Showing posts with label concentration. Show all posts

Sunday, November 2, 2025

The threat of seafloor methane eruptions

Sea ice 

Arctic sea ice volume remains at a record daily low, as it has been for more than a year. The image below shows Arctic sea ice volume through November 21, 2025.


The image below shows monthly Arctic sea ice volume in the past 25 years. Markers show April (blue) and September (red) volume, corresponding with the year's maximum and minimum. In 2025, Arctic sea ice reached a record low maximum volume as well as a record low minimum volume.

[ from earlier post ]
Warmer water flowing into the Arctic Ocean causes Arctic sea ice to lose thickness and thus volume, diminishing its capacity to act as a buffer that consumes ocean heat entering the Arctic Ocean from the North Atlantic. This means that - as sea ice thickness decreases - a lot of incoming ocean heat can no longer be consumed by melting the sea ice from below, and the heat will therefore contribute to higher temperatures of the water of the Arctic Ocean. The danger of this is described in the screenshot below.

[ screenshot from earlier post ]

Arctic sea ice extent was 1.91 million km² lower than 1981-2020 on November 21, 2025, a deviation from 1981-2010 of -3.34σ.

The image below shows that the global sea ice extent was 3.40 million km² lower than 1981-2020 on November 21, 2025, a deviation from 1981-2010 of -5.51σ. This is terrifying, given that we're currently in a La Niña.

The image below shows sea surface temperatures around Antarctica as high as 0.7°C or 33.3°F (at the green circle, on the left of Antarctica) on November 21, 2025. 


The image below shows sea surface temperatures around Antarctica as high as -0.9°C or 30.4°F (at the green circle, on the right of Antarctica) on November 21, 2025. 


The higher the water's salt content, the lower its melting point. Seawater typically has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 grams of salt per liter of water). Sea ice starts melting when the temperature rises to about -2°C (28.4°F). By contrast, freshwater remains frozen as long as the temperature remains below 0°C (32°F).

A study led by Alessandro Silvano (2025) finds that, over the years, surface waters have become more salty.


When surface waters become saltier, they sink more readily, stirring the ocean’s layers and allowing heat from the deep to rise. This upward heat flux can melt sea ice from below, even during winter, making it harder for ice to reform. This vertical circulation also draws up more salt from deeper layers, reinforcing the cycle.

In addition to heat rising up from the deep, there is the danger that increasing amounts of both heat and carbon dioxide (CO₂), previously taken up by the ocean and stored in the deep ocean by sinking circumpolar waters, will instead remain at the surface and cause both atmospheric temperatures and CO₂ concentrations to rise.

Less sea ice extent means that less sunlight gets reflected back into space and instead gets absorbed by the sea surface, resulting in higher sea surface temperatures. Less global sea ice thus contributes to lower albedo. The image below, by Eliot Jacobson, shows the 36-month running average for the Earth albedo just hit yet another new record low, at 28.701%. 


Accelerating temperature rise

The image below, created with a screenshot from a Copernicus image, shows that, over the past few months, temperatures have risen by 0.5°C, i.e. from an anomaly (vs 1991-2020) of 0.41°C on June 23 to 0.91°C on November 22, 2025 (dark red line), getting close to if not exceeding temperature anomalies reached in 2024 (orange) and 2023 (yellow).

In fact, the temperature reached a new daily record high on November 22, 2025, and this occurred despite the fact that we're currently in a La Niña that suppresses temperatures, whereas temperatures were raised from May 2023 through April 2024 when El Niño conditions were dominant. 


The image below shows land-only monthly temperature anomalies from 1903-1915 through October 2025 (black squares). The Lowess 3-year smoothing trend (red line) points at 3°C getting crossed in the course of 2031 (dashed extension). The 1903-1915 base is not pre-industrial. Anomalies will be higher when using a genuinely pre-industrial base.


The image below shows land+ocean monthly temperature anomalies from 1903-1915 through October 2025 (black squares). The Lowess 3-year smoothing trend (red line) points at 2°C getting crossed before 2030 and 3°C getting crossed before 2040 (dashed extension). As said, the anomalies will be higher when using a genuinely pre-industrial base. 


The 3°C threshold is important since humans will likely go extinct with a 3°C rise and most life on Earth will disappear with a 5°C rise, as discussed in this 2019 post. 

The image below shows the October 2025 temperature anomaly from 1951-1980. Anomalies are very high, exceeding 10°C in areas over both the poles.


The combination image below highlights the October 2025 very high temperature anomalies (from 1951-1980), exceeding 10°C in areas over both the poles.


The image below shows the global monthly surface temperature anomalies from 1951-1980 through October 2025, when the anomaly was 1.37°C. 

Note that the 1951-1980 base isn't pre-industrial. When using a genuinely pre-industrial base, the temperature anomaly will be much higher, well above the thresholds that politicians at the Paris Agreement pledged wouldn't be crossed. 

Ominously, anomalies have kept rising over the past few months, and this occurred in the absence of El Niño conditions in 2025. 

The image below shows the global temperature standard anomaly for the 12 months from November 2024 through October 2025. 


The image below shows the standard deviation (Sd) anomalies from 1951-1980 of Arctic temperatures over the past few years, with a Standard Anomaly of 6.68σ reached in October 2025. 

The image below shows the standard deviation (Sd) anomalies from 1951-1980 of Arctic temperatures over the past few years, with a Standard deviation Anomaly of 4.59σ reached in October 2025.  


Sea surface temperature anomalies

The image below shows monthly sea surface temperature anomalies from 1951-1980 through September 2025, when the anomaly was 0.74°C. The image also shows that the anomaly in September 2023 was 0.901°C. 


The image below shows the standard deviation from 1951-1980 of the monthly sea surface temperature through September 2025, when it was 8.045σ. The image also shows that the standard deviation in August 2023 was 10.148σ. 


In statistics, the empirical rule states that in a normal distribution, 68% of the observed data will occur within one standard deviation (1σ), 95% within two standard deviations (2σ), and 99.7% within three standard deviations (3σ) of the mean. A 4σ event indicates that the observed result is 4 standard deviations (4σ) away from the expected mean. In a normal distribution, 99.993666% of data points would fall within this range. The chance for data to fall outside of 4σ is thus infinitesimally small.

Meanwhile, sea surface temperatures have remained very high. The image below shows sea surface temperature anomalies from 1981-2011 in the Northern Hemisphere, with anomalies as high as 9°C or 13.6°F visible in the path of the Gulf Stream (at the green circle). 


Wild weather swings

    [ 24+°C anomaly over part of Greenland ]
Wild weather swings are striking the world with accelerating intensity and ferocity. More than 1.4 million evacuated as second typhoon in a week slams into the Philippines, reports CNN. 

The image on the right shows temperature anomalies higher than 24°C at 2m in an area over Greenland on November 13, 2025.

The image below shows strong wind over Baffin Bay boosting temperatures over Greenland to levels as high as 12.9°C or 55.1°F (at the green circle) at 1000 hPa on November 13, 2025, as strong wind pushes warm air over Greenland, while cold Arctic air gets pushed down toward England. 


ENSO outlook, next El Niño likely to be devastating

[ click on images to enlarge ]
Currently, global sea ice is low and temperatures are high, despite the fact that La Niña conditions are suppressing the temperature. This should constitute a strong warning that temperatures look set to accelerate dramatically with the development of the next El Niño, likely to occur in the course of 2026.

According to a NOAA analysis issued Nov 13, 2025, La Niña continued over the past month, and La Niña is favored to continue into the Northern Hemisphere winter, with a transition to ENSO-neutral most likely in January-March 2026 (61% chance, image right). 

ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) has three states: El Niño (when temperatures are higher than average), La Niña (when temperatures are suppressed), and a neutral state. 

The image on the right, adapted from a November 2025 NOAA image, gives an ENSO outlook (CFSv2 ensemble mean, black dashed line) that favors La Niña to persist into the early Northern Hemisphere winter 2025-26, implying that temperatures will remain suppressed until early 2026.

[ click on images to enlarge ]
The image on the right, adapted from ECMWF, shows the ENSO anomaly and forecast for developments in Niño3.4 through November 2026, indicating that the next El Niño will emerge and grow in strength in the course of 2026.

The depth of the current La Niña is illustrated by the image below. The image shows strongly negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA, NOAA OISST v2.1 data) in the Niño3.4 area in the Central Pacific, with a -0.98°C anomaly vs 1991-2020 on November 18, 2025, while the inset shows global SSTA vs 1991-2020 on November 18, 2025.  


NOAA considers La Niña conditions to occur when a one-month negative sea surface temperature anomaly of -0.5° C or less is observed in the Niño-3.4 region of the equatorial Pacific Ocean (5°N-5°S, 120°W-170°W) and an expectation that the 3-month Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) threshold will be met, and an atmospheric response typically associated with La Niña is observed over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. 

The graph below uses CDAS (Climate Data Assimilation System) data showing an anomaly of -1.202ºC on November 15, 2025.


The CDAS analysis below shows very low sea surface temperature anomalies in the Niño3.4 area on November 15, 2025. 


The CanSIPS forecast for March 2026 below shows high sea surface temperature anomalies in the central Pacific Ocean, indicating development of the next El Niño. The low sea surface temperature anomalies around Antarctica indicate areas where heavy melting will likely have taken place by March 2026. 


Antarctica

Sea ice extent is currently low at both poles. The low global sea ice extent at this time of year combined with high sea surface temperatures spells bad news for Antarctic sea ice, which typically reaches its minimum extent in February.

The image on the right shows Antarctic snow cover and sea ice concentration on November 21, 2025. 

The combination image below shows Antarctic sea ice concentration on November 19, 2025 (left) and Antarctic sea ice thickness on November 19, 2025 (right). 


The comparison image below shows the thickness of the Antarctic sea ice on October 6 and on November 21, 2025. 


An Antarctic Blue Ocean Event (sea ice approaching a low of one million km²) threatens to occur in February 2026, triggering an Arctic Blue Ocean Event later in 2026 while a developing El Niño is strengthening the danger. Ominously, the forecast of sea surface temperature anomalies for August 2026 below looks grim. 


The methane danger

This increases the danger that massive amounts of methane will erupt from the seafloor in 2026, further accelerating the temperature rise.

The methane danger is further illustrated by the images below. The image directly below shows methane as high as 2620 parts per billion (ppb) recorded by the NOAA 20 satellite at 487.2 mb on November 5, 2025 AM.


The image below shows hourly methane measurements well above 2400 ppb. The image is adapted from an image issued by NOAA November 9, 2025, showing methane hourly averages recorded in situ at the Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory (BRW), a NOAA facility located near Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, at 71.32 degrees North latitude.


The image below is a similar image, this time showing that the monthly average methane recorded at the same station is about 2050 ppb. 


In the video below, Guy McPherson discussed our predicament. 



Climate Emergency Declaration

UN secretary-general António Guterres recently spoke about the need for “a credible global response plan to get us on track” regarding the international goal of limiting the global temperature rise. “The science demands action, the law commands it,” Guterres said, in reference to a recent international court of justice ruling. “The economics compel it and people are calling for it.”

What could be added is that the situation is dire and unacceptably dangerous, and the precautionary principle necessitates rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the outlook, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as described in posts such as this 2022 post and this one and as discussed in the Climate Plan group.



Links

• DMI (Danish Meteorological Institute) - Arctic sea ice thickness and volume
https://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icethickness/thk.uk.php

• Kevin Pluck - Sea ice visuals
https://seaice.visuals.earth

• Climate Reanalyzer

• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) - Climate Prediction Center

• ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) - charts
https://charts.ecmwf.int/products/seasonal_system5_nino_annual_plumes

• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - GISS Surface Temperature Analysis
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/pre-industrial.html

• When Will We Die?
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/when-will-we-die.html

• Tropicaltidbits
https://www.tropicaltidbits.com

• Feedbacks in the Arctic
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/feedbacks.html

• NOAA - Global Monitoring Laboratory - Data Visualisation - flask and station methane measurements
https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/iadv

• Focus on Antarctica








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Sunday, August 17, 2025

Dire State of Climate

El Niño may emerge early 2026

On the image below, very high sea surface temperature anomalies (vs 1981-2011) are showing up in the Northern Hemisphere, as high as 17.1°C or 30.8°F in the Gulf of Ob, where the water of the Ob River flows into the Kara Sea (at the location marked by the green circle).

At the same time, water is colder than 1981-2011 in the equatorial Pacific region, causing a La Niña to emerge, which means that current temperatures are actually suppressed.


El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate pattern that fluctuates from El Niño to La Niña conditions and back. El Niño raises temperatures, whereas La Niña suppresses temperatures. This year, there have been neutral to borderline La Niña conditions, as illustrated by the image below, which also shows that over the past few months, there has been a zigzag pattern of rises and falls around the mean sea surface temperature in Niño 3.4, an area in the Pacific (inset) that is critical to the development of El Niño. On August 28, 2025, the temperature reached an anomaly of -0.47°C, indicating a move into La Niña conditions.


The image below shows the July 2025 sea surface temperature anomaly vs 1951-1980. Note the higher than 10°C anomalies in the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean (white area, anomalies are compared to 1951-1980).


The image below shows the sea surface temperature anomaly on August 27, 2025, this time versus 1971-2000. Note the large area with high temperature anomalies in the Kara Sea and the colder temperatures in the equatorial Pacific region. These colder temperatures indicate the absence of El Niño, i.e. the high temperature anomalies are reached while temperatures are actually suppressed.


   [ click on images to enlarge ]
As illustrated by the image on the right, the sea surface temperatures of the U.S. North Atlantic were as high as 32.8°C on August 24, 2025, the same peak temperature that was reached on August 5, 2025.

The image shows heat moving north along the path of the Gulf Stream toward the Arctic, threatening to cause more loss of sea ice and permafrost.

Heat naturally flows from hot to cold areas. Furthermore, warm water floats on top of colder water because it is less dense, resulting in stratification. This in combination with the Coriolis effect causes higher sea surface temperatures along the path of the Gulf Stream toward the Arctic, as indicated by water with an orange color on the image. 

Similarly, warm water moves along the path of the Kuroshio Current in the North Pacific. 

   [ click on images to enlarge ]
The image on the right shows sea surface temperatures around North America as high as 33°C on August 27, 2025. Despite the current absence of El Niño conditions, extreme weather events have hit many areas around the world over the past few months. As an earlier post warns, feedbacks such as changes to ocean currents, wind patterns, clouds and water vapor, and loss of sea ice and permafrost can rapidly speed up existing feedbacks and trigger new feedbacks, resulting in more extreme weather events striking with a ferocity, frequency and ubiquity that keeps increasing at an accelerating pace.

[ click on images to enlarge ]
Temperatures have been very high and Arctic sea ice is in a dire state, as illustrated by the images further below that show record high daily temperatures in the Arctic, even in the current absence of El Niño conditions. El Niño ended April 2024. 

As illustrated by the image on the right, adapted from NOAA, the ENSO outlook (CFSv2 ensemble mean, black dashed line) favors La Niña during the Northern Hemisphere fall and early winter 2025-2026. 

[ image from earlier post ]
The image on the right, adapted from ECMWF, shows an ENSO forecast for developments in Niño3.4 through August 2026, indicating that the next El Niño may emerge early 2026 and grow in strength in the course of 2026.

High temperatures in absence of El Niño

In the Northern Hemisphere, the 2024 temperature anomaly was 1.701°C higher than the 1951-1980 mean, as discussed in an earlier post. This high temperature anomaly constitutes a 14.349σ event, as illustrated by the image below.

[ image from earlier post ]
So, what happened in 2025? In the absence of El Niño, one would expect temperatures to fall. However, as illustrated by the image below, monthly deviations from the 1951-1980 mean temperature have risen in the Northern Hemisphere, reaching a standard deviation of 10.673 in July 2025 (vs 1951-1980).


In statistics, the empirical rule states that in a normal distribution, 68% of the observed data will occur within one standard deviation (1σ), 95% within two standard deviations (2σ), and 99.7% within three standard deviations (3σ) of the mean. A 4σ event indicates that the observed result is 4 standard deviations (4σ) away from the expected mean. In a normal distribution, 99.993666% of data points would fall within this range. The chance for data to at random fall outside of 4σ is thus infinitesimally small.

As said, the 2024 temperature anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere was a 14.349σ event. Natural variability fails to explain such an anomaly. This year, in the absence of El Niño, monthly deviations from the 1951-1980 mean have risen in the Northern Hemisphere, reaching a standard deviation of 10.673 in July 2025. This indicates that El Niño alone cannot be blamed for this rise, not even in combination with reductions of the aerosol masking effect. What appears to be driving the acceleration of the temperature rise most strongly is a combination of feedbacks including loss of snow and ice, loss of lower clouds, changes to soil moisture and water vapor in the atmosphere, changes to ocean currents and wind patterns, etc.

As illustrated by the image below, the temperature in the Arctic (66.5–90°N, 0–360°E) was 4.33°C on August 24, 2025, a record high for that day and an anomaly of +2.53°C versus 1979-2000. The inset shows a map with Arctic temperature anomalies versus 1991-2020 highlighted on August 24, 2025. 


The image below shows a larger version of the inset, with temperatures over the Arctic (66.5–90°N, 0–360°E) highlighted on August 24, 2025. Note that the temperature anomaly also was very high over Antarctica on August 24, 2025. 


Albedo loss

The next El Niño could be catastrophic, given the dire state of the climate, which is getting increasingly dire, as emissions keep rising, albedo keeps falling, and feedbacks keep growing in strength. The fall in albedo is illustrated by the image below, created with an image by Eliot Jacobson.


The fall in albedo can be attributed to snow and ice decline, reductions in cooling aerosols (Hansen, May 2025) and changes in clouds (Loeb, 2024). Snow and ice decline and changes in clouds are self-amplifying feedbacks that can rapidly and strongly accelerate the temperature rise as well as trigger and amplify further feedbacks.

Snow and ice decline

The combination image below shows NASA Worldview Arctic sea ice at the northern tip of Greenland on August 27, 2025 (left), and on August 31, 2025 (right).


The image below shows the global sea ice extent anomaly through August 27, 2025, when the global sea ice extent was 2.91 million km² below the 1981-2010 mean, a deviation from 1981-2010 of -3.87σ.

The global sea ice extent anomaly is far below the 1981-2010 mean and close to the anomalies of 2023 and 2024 that were far outside the 1981-2010 mean at this time of year. That is very worrying, more so given the current absence of El Niño conditions. Also, sea ice area is only one way of looking at the sea ice decline. The data for concentration, thickness and volume of Arctic sea ice make the situation even more worrying, as discussed below.

Heavy melting is taking place in the Arctic. The image below shows Arctic sea ice concentration on August 31, 2025. 


The combination image below compares Arctic sea ice on August 17, 2025, i.e. concentration (left) and thickness (right).


In the panel on the right of the above image, melt pools may give the impression of zero thickness in areas close to the North Pole. Melt pools can indicate that rainfall and/or heavy melting is taking place. 

The image below shows temperature anomalies on August 21, 2025 (left) and on August 22, 2025 (right). As discussed in earlier posts such as this one, in the Northern Hemisphere water evaporates from the sea surface of the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Prevailing winds carry much water vapor in the direction of the Arctic. Precipitation over the Arctic Ocean freshens the surface, forming a buffer that temporarily slows down the decline of the sea ice extent. Similarly, much of the precipitation over land is carried by rivers into the Arctic Ocean, also freshening the surface of the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, heavy melting of Arctic sea ice over the past few months has added further freshwater to the surface of the Arctic Ocean. The slowdown of AMOC can also create a buffer by delaying the transport of ocean heat toward the Arctic Ocean. This makes the dire state of Arctic sea ice very significant, even more so since we're in borderline La Niña conditions. Given the increase of Earth's Energy Imbalance and the additional heat that is instead accumulating in the north Pacific and the North Atlantic, more heat looks set to eventually reach the Arctic Ocean, overwhelming such buffers and threatening to cause Arctic sea ice collapse.

[ click on images to enlarge ]
The image below shows the precipitable water anomaly on August 21, 2025 (left) and on August 22, 2025 (right).

[ click on images to enlarge ]
As discussed in earlier posts such as this one, in the Southern Hemisphere water evaporates from the Southern Ocean and part of it falls on the Antarctic ice sheet, thickening the snow layer, as also illustrated by the above image that shows persistently high precipitable water anomalies over Antarctica over the past two days (on August 20, 2025 and on August 21, 2025). As a result, the Southern Ocean surface is getting more salty. As also discussed in an earlier post, saltier surface waters sink more readily, allowing heat from the deep to rise, which can melt Antarctic sea ice from below, even during winter, making it harder for ice to reform. This vertical circulation also draws up more salt from deeper layers, reinforcing the cycle.

The image below shows that Arctic sea ice volume was at a record low for the day on August 31, 2025, as it has been for more than a year. Volume is important, as also discussed on facebook. 


As the image below shows, Arctic sea ice reached a new record annual low volume in September 2024.

On the image below, markers are added for September (red) and April (blue) corresponding with the year's minimum- and maximum volume, confirming the downward path since 2015 for both the annual sea ice volume minimum and maximum.

Arctic sea ice volume has steadily declined since 2005, as the above measurements by the Danish Meteorological Institute show. Arctic sea ice volume now is less than 5000 km³, about half of what the volume was in 2004-2013.

Absence of thick sea ice makes it prone to collapse, and this raises the question whether it could collapse soon, even this year. Storms could rapidly push the remaining pieces of thicker sea ice out of the Arctic Ocean. Such storms could also mix surface heat all the way down to the seafloor, especially in areas where seas are shallow. 

Methane

[ The Buffer is gone, from Accelerating Temperature Rise ]
Sea ice constitutes a buffer that previously consumed much incoming ocean heat (left); as sea ice thins, the buffer disappears while more heat also enters the Arctic Ocean (right). Further heat entering the Arctic Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean threatens to destabilize sediments that contain methane, causing eruption of huge amounts of methane.


As temperatures rise, methane concentrations are increasing due to more fires and decomposing organic carbon.

In addition, rising temperatures threaten to destabilize sediments containing vast amounts of methane in the form of hydrates and free gas, causing huge amounts of methane to erupt and enter the atmosphere. 

[ from earlier post ]

The image on the right shows fires over Canada on August 30, 2025. Smoke (grey) from fires and fire hotspots (red makers) are visible. The image is a NASA Worldview screenshot. Smoke and black carbon (soot) from forest fires blacken the surface when settling on it, thus reducing albedo and speeding up the demise of the snow and ice cover in the Arctic.

Furthermore, forest fires come with emissions including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane. The image below shows a (+3 h) forecast for methane concentration at surface level valid for August 31, 2025 (run August 31, 2025).

Over the Arctic, there is very little hydroxyl in the air, which extends the lifetime of methane over the Arctic. 

The temperature is already rising much more rapidly in the Arctic than elsewhere in the world, so such developments can act as strong self-amplifying feedbacks.


The image below shows hourly methane average recorded at the Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory (BRW), a NOAA facility located near Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, at 71.32 degrees North.


The image below shows that the NOAA 20 satellite recorded methane levels as high as 2507 parts per billion (ppb) at 399.1 mb on August 26, 2025 AM. 


Climate Emergency Declaration

The temperature rise is accelerating and the rise could accelerate even more due to decreases in buffers (as described in earlier posts such as this one), due to strengthening feedbacks, especially during an El Niño, and due to further reduction of the aerosol masking effect, which are all developments that could rapidly speed up existing feedbacks and trigger new feedbacks.

The situation is dire and the precautionary principle calls for rapid, comprehensive and effective action to reduce the damage and to improve the situation, as described in this 2022 post, where needed in combination with a Climate Emergency Declaration, as discussed at this group.



Links

• Nullschool.net

• Climate Reanalyzer

• NOAA - sea surface temperatures 
Also discussed on facebook at: 

• NOAA - Climate Prediction Center - ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions

• ECMWF - El Niño forecast

• Extreme Heat Risk

• NASA - Worldview

• University of Bremen

• Danish Meteorological Institute - Arctic sea ice thickness and volume

• NOAA - CarbonTracker-CH4

• The Methane Monster

• NOAA - Global Monitoring Laboratory
https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/iadv

• Copernicus 

• Transforming Society

• Climate Plan

• Climate Emergency Declaration






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