STAR (Satellite Transmission, Arctic Methane Remission) – HAARP PROJECT
By Malcolm P.R. Light
March 1, 2021
Introduction
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| Poster 1. [larger size - source] |
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| Poster 2. [larger size] |
Subsea Arctic Methane produced at the surface diffuses upward and is broken down by photo dissociation (sunlight) and chemical attack by nascent oxygen and hydroxyl (Heicklen, 1967). The Lucy Project is a radio/laser system for destroying the first hydrogen bond in atmospheric methane, when it forms dangerously thick global warming clouds over the Arctic (Figure 5, 6 and 7)(Light & Carana, 2012).
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| Table 1. and 2. [larger size] |
It generates similar gas products to those normally produced by the natural destruction of methane in the atmosphere over some 15 to 20 years. Radio frequencies are used in generating nano-diamonds from methane gas in commercial applications over the entire pressure range of the atmosphere up to 50 km altitude (Light and Carana, 2012). The methane molecule requires 435 kilo - joules per mole to dislodge the first hydrogen proton and an average of 409.3 kilo - joules per mole for the other three protons (Hutchinson, 2014). Hydroxyl requires 493 kilo-joules per mole to generate it from water (Hutchinson, 2014).
Recent experiments have shown that when a test tube of seawater is illuminated by a polarized 13.56 MHZ radio beam, that flammable gases (nascent hydrogen and hydroxyls) were released at the top of the tube (iopscience.iop.org, 2013). In the Arctic Ocean, polarized 13.56 MHZ radio waves will decompose atmospheric humidity, mist, fog, ocean spray and the surface of the waves themselves into nascent hydrogen and hydroxyl over the region where a massive methane torch (plume) is entering the atmosphere, so that the additional hydroxyl produced will react with the rising methane, breaking a large part of it down (iopscience.iop.org, 2013).
The Upper Atmosphere
The following discussion deals mainly with lower part of the Upper Atmosphere or Thermosphere between 50 km to 400 km altitude although the importance of the exponentially growing Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil in the Troposphere (0–10 km height) is also emphasized (NIWA, 2021). The Troposphere is overlain by the Stratosphere (10–30 km altitude) and the Mesosphere between 30 and 50 km height (NIWA, 2021).
The normal chemistry of the atmosphere is controlled by the absorption of the sun’s radiation which results in the photo - dissociation of many molecules, but in particular oxygen (O₂) and methane (CH4)(Heicklen, 1976). The reactive fragments produced, react further forming a whole series of different species that have been observed in the atmosphere (Heicklen, 1976).
Heicklen (1976) states that at the surface of the Earth, only wavelengths greater than 3400 Angstroms (less than 8.8174*10^14 Hertz ) are not strongly absorbed by the atmosphere (Figures 1 to 4, Tables 1 to 5). Below an altitude of 160 km, the absorption of the sun’s radiation by O₂ and O3 largely controls the chemistry of the atmosphere. Nitrogen (N₂) absorbs most of the radiation with wavelengths of less than 1000 Angstroms (frequencies greater than 3*10^15 Hertz) at heights above 110 km. Oxygen photo - dissociation reactions are shown in detail in Tables 1 and 2 which are modified from Tables 1-5 and 1-6, in Heicklen, 1976. Photo-dissociation reactions for oxygen, methane and other species are shown on Tables 3 and 4 from Heicklen, 1976.
The photo-dissociation of oxygen (O₂), when the sun’s radiation is sufficiently energetic (i.e wavelengths less than 1750 Angstroms, frequencies greater than 1.7131*10^15 Hertz) results in the formation of an electrically excited O (¹D) atom and the ground state O(³P) atom (Heicklen, 1976). Oxygen photo–dissociates at unit efficiency in the Schumann–Runge continuum over a wavelength range from 1400 Angstroms (frequency = 2.1414*10^15 Hertz) to 1740 Angstroms (frequency = 1.7229*10^15 Hertz) (Heicklen, 1976).
O₂ + h*frequency(Schumann–Runge continuum) = O(¹D) + O(³P)
h = Planck’s Constant
Oxygen (O₂) photo dissociation in the Schumann–Runge continuum gives a photo dissociation coefficient J(O₂) of 3.7*10^-6 sec-1 at the top of the atmosphere above 120 km altitude, for an overhead sun (Nicolet, 1971 in Heicklen, 1978).
The sun’s radiation is much weaker at wavelengths less than 1400 Angstroms (Schumann–Runge continuum) and little Oxygen (O₂) photo dissociation occurs except for the Lyman–a line, at a wavelength of 1215.7 Angstroms (frequency = 2.4660*10^15 Hertz), the energy of which extends down to a level of 65 km altitude (Heicklen, 1976).
A comparison of the frequency bands for the 13.56 MHz Methane Destruction Frequency, Microwave Ovens and the various Airglo Bands is shown in Table 5 (from Dolezalek in Lide and Frederickse, 1995). Although the Methane Destruction Frequency of 13.56 MHz is in the High frequency (3*10^6 – 3*10^ 7 Hertz)(Decameter Waves), ITU Band Number 7, it is some 67.6 to 180.7 times lower in frequency than microwave oven frequencies which lie in the Ultra High Frequency (3*10^8 – 3*10^9 Hertz)(ITU Band No. 9)(Decimeter waves)(Chaplin, 2020, Wales 2020). Normal domestic microwave ovens have a frequency of 2.45*10^9 Hertz while commercial ovens have slightly lower frequencies of 9.15*10^8 Hertz (Chaplin, 2020; Wales, 2020).
Above 88 km the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency = 2*10^8*13.56*10^6 Hertz = 2.712*10^15 Hertz has a wavelength of 1105.43 Angstroms = 110.543 nm and is a major methane destruction photo–dissociation energy event (Figures 1, 2 and 4). The altitude of the base of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency is fixed at 88 km using the 65 km base given for the Lyman–a line (1215.7 Angstroms) and the 110 km base for Nitrogen (N₂) absorption of wavelengths shorter than 1000 Angstroms (Heicklen , 1976).
The methane photo-dissociation coefficient continues to reduce with decreasing altitude so that at by 70 km height, the methane photo-dissociation coefficient (J(CH₄)) is 5.3*10^-7 (sec-1) while the oxygen (O₂) photo-dissociation coefficient has sharply fallen to 2*10^-10 (sec-1) for the Schumann–Runge continuum (SRC)(Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1,2 and 4). Methane here photo-dissociates 2650 times as easily as oxygen (O₂) and 662.5 times as much as the oxygen (O₂) molecule for the complete conversion of the methane to nano-diamonds and hydrogen.
Figure References
Figure 3. Concentration increase of Arctic Methane Global Warming Veil between 2013 and 2050. Calculated from IASI MetOp methane data by Sam Carana, 2014.
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/arctic-atmospheric-methane-global-warming-veil.html
References
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Baile L. W. and Braille S.W. 2002. Journey to the Centre of the Earth.
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Baker J.A., MacPherson C.G., Menzies M.A., Thirwall M.F., Al-Kadasi M., Mattey D.P., 1999. Resolving Crustal and Mantle Contributions to Continental Flood Volcanics in Yemen. Constraints from Mineral Oxygen Isotope Data. Jour. of Petrology, Vol 41, Issue 12, pp. 1805 - 1820
Balmaseda M.A., Trenberth K.E., Källén E., 2013. Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global ocean heat content. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 9, 1754 - 1759.
Boudon V. 2012. Spectroscopy of Methane. Molecular Spectroscopy and Applications. Department of Optics and Matter-Radiation Interaction. Institut Camat de Bourgogne (ICB). UMR5209 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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| Table 3. [larger size] |
The normal chemistry of the atmosphere is controlled by the absorption of the sun’s radiation which results in the photo - dissociation of many molecules, but in particular oxygen (O₂) and methane (CH4)(Heicklen, 1976). The reactive fragments produced, react further forming a whole series of different species that have been observed in the atmosphere (Heicklen, 1976).
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| Table 4. [larger size] |
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| Table 5. [larger size] |
O₂ + h*frequency(Schumann–Runge continuum) = O(¹D) + O(³P)
h = Planck’s Constant
Oxygen (O₂) photo dissociation in the Schumann–Runge continuum gives a photo dissociation coefficient J(O₂) of 3.7*10^-6 sec-1 at the top of the atmosphere above 120 km altitude, for an overhead sun (Nicolet, 1971 in Heicklen, 1978).
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| Figure 1. The Clear Relationship Between the High Methane Photodissociation Layer, 70-100 km Altitude, a Central 7 km thick Ice Layer at the top of which is an Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency = 2*10^8*13.56 MH = 2.712*10^15 = Wavelength 1105.43 Angstroms. Photodissociation of Methane Produces Nano- Diamonds that form the Nuclei of the Underlying Noctilucent Clouds. Photodissociation Coefficients between O₂ and Methane in the 70-120 km region are for an Overhead Sun. The Contribution to the Total J(O₂) by the Schumann-Runge Continuum (SRC), The Schumann-Runge Bands (SRB), the Lyman-a Line (Ly-a) and the Herberg Continuum (Her) is from Heicklen (1976) after Nicolet (1971). Other data modified directly from Heiklen (1976). [larger size image] |
Atmospheric Methane and Nitrogen
Methane (CH₄) and N₂0 are formed at the Earth's surface and diffuse upwards until they reach an altitude above which removal reaction processes predominate (Heicklen, 1976). Water (H₂O) and methane (CH₄) used to have a fairly constant concentration up to a considerable height, after which they decreased with increasing altitude (Heicklen, 1976). Four and a half decades ago the atmospheric methane concentration averaged about 1.4 ppm (1400 ppb) up to 15 km altitude and then fell to less then 0.4 ppm (400 ppb) up to a height of about 50 km (Heicklen, 1976).
Methane (CH₄) and N₂0 are formed at the Earth's surface and diffuse upwards until they reach an altitude above which removal reaction processes predominate (Heicklen, 1976). Water (H₂O) and methane (CH₄) used to have a fairly constant concentration up to a considerable height, after which they decreased with increasing altitude (Heicklen, 1976). Four and a half decades ago the atmospheric methane concentration averaged about 1.4 ppm (1400 ppb) up to 15 km altitude and then fell to less then 0.4 ppm (400 ppb) up to a height of about 50 km (Heicklen, 1976).
Marked photo–dissociation of methane (CH₄) to CH₃ + H occurs in the Thermosphere between 70 km and 100 km altitude (mean height 85 km)(see Table 11-1, Heicklen 1976). The 85–86 km level also represents the top of Noctilucent Cloud formation (Phillips, 2008). Hence it is very likely that the more photo-reactive methane (CH₄) breaks down entirely to a nano-diamond and 4 hydrogen atoms, which can then combine with free oxygen to form water ice. The close relationship with the top of the Noctilucent Clouds and the mean level of methane photo dissociation at 85–86 km suggests that the nano-diamonds may form the nuclei of the Noctilucent Clouds.
Over the height range of 10 km to 80 km, N₂O photo dissociation to N₂ + O(¹D) extends to wavelengths of 3150 Angstroms (frequency = 9.5172*10^14 Hertz), but most photo dissociation in the Upper Stratosphere occurs at wavelengths less than 2500 Angstroms (i.e. more than a frequency = 1.1992*10^15 Hertz)(Heicklen, 1996).
Over the height range 10 km to 60 km, CH₂O photo dissociates to either H₂ + CO or H + HCO in the wavelength interval of 2900 Angstroms (frequency = 1.0338*10^15 Hertz) to 3600 Angstroms (frequency = 8.3276*10^14 Hertz)(Calvert, 1972 in Heicklen, 1996).
The Safety Factors of Transmitting the Methane Destruction Frequency through the Atmosphere To Produce Abundant Nano-Diamonds
Nano-diamonds have been shown to be non-toxic to the human body and are used as pharmaceutical carriers in the blood stream to transfer vital medicines to diseased parts of the body (Zhu et al. 2012). Nano–diamonds are strongly absorbed by cells in the body, have good biocompatibility and are used widely in biomedical applications (Zhu et al. 2012). Nano–diamonds are now used for high efficiency, low toxicity drug delivery systems which target the diseased parts of the body releasing the drugs slowly (Zhu et al. 2012). Radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology of stored red blood cells using the Methane Destruction Frequency (13.56 MHz), over 49 days was also shown to have no known biological effects on the quality of the red blood cells (Kozma et el. 2011).
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| Figure 2. Oxygen, Methane and Nitrogen Absorption and Dissociation Coefficients from beloow 60 km to Atmosphere above 120 km height. A 30 km thick high Dissociation Coefficient Methane Layer occurs between 70 and 100 km associated in its lower half with Noctilucent couds that originally occurred between 76 km and 85 km but now due to Global Warming extend down to a height of 50 km. In the centre of the Methane Layer is aa 7 km thick Ice Layer between 82 km and 89 km with particles som 100 nm across that has near the top (88 km) a Major Oxygen and Methane Dissociation Peak which eaxctly respresents an Even Numerical Mulltiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency = 2.712*10^10^15 Hertz = 1105.43 Anstroms. The disociation of the Methane and Oxygen produces one Nano-diamond and two water ice crystals by the following reaction. CH₄ + h*Even Numerical Multiple Methane Destruction Frequency + O₂ + h*frequency (Schumann-Runge Bands) = Nano-diamonds + 2H₂O (Water ice). The High Refractive Index Nano-diamonds fall to form the seeds of the underlying Noctilucent Clouds. Detailed Photo dissociation data from Heicklen (1976). Absorption coefficiewnts from Watananbe et al. (1963). Noctiluecent Cloud data from Phillips (2008), Simonds (2008), and ScienDaliy (2014). [larger size image] |
It will be shown that the Sun’s total photo dissociation of methane in the Lower Thermosphere (70 km to 100 km) interval forms nano–diamonds, which then settle or diffuse downward to form the nuclei of the Noctilucent Clouds (Figures 1, 2 and 4). These Noctilucent Clouds help reflect the sun’s energy back into space and thus help reverse the massive global warming effect of the build up methane in the atmosphere. The purpose of the Star–Haarp Project is to irradiate the high Thermosphere methane clouds between 70 km and 100 km high with the methane destruction frequency (13.56 MHz) producing abundant nano-diamonds that can then seed the now fast thickening of the Noctilucent clouds which will then blanket the Earth from the sun’s radiation and sharply reduce global warming (Figures 1, 2 and 4). In the same way the Lucy–Alamo Projects will radiate the fast growing Tropospheric (less than 10 km high) Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil with the Methane Destruction Frequency (13.56 MHz) generating nano-diamonds to form the seeds or nuclei of low level clouds. These Tropospheric–Statospheric clouds will progressively thicken upwards until they amalgamate with the base of the Noctilucent Clouds which are now at about 50 km height (Figure 4).
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| Figure 3. Concentration increase of Arctic Methane Global Warming Veil between 2013 and 2050 showing 8 degrees C and Permian major extinction zones from IASI MetOp methane data from Carana 2014. Extinction lines from Light 2014. [larger size] |
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| Figure 4. Synergetic Satellite and Surface-based Projects (STAR - HAARP and LUCY - ALAMO) that will effectively prevent the Expanding Arctic Atmopheric Methane Global Warming Veil from inducing a Terminal Global Extinction Event within a Decade. Data: Heiklen (1976), Phillips (2008), Simonds (2008), Carana (2014), Light (2014), Science Daily (2014), NIWA (2021). [larger size] |
Airglo
When radiation from the sun is absorbed by an atmospheric molecule, but it is of insufficient energy to cause the particle to photo - dissociate, then a bound, excited electronic state will be produced (Tables 1, 2 and 3 from Heicklen, 1976). These electronic excited states can also be produced from the recombination of the photo - dissociated fragments (Heicklen, 1976). Nitrogen (N₂), Oxygen (O₂) and NO are the most important diatomic molecules in the atmosphere (Table 3). Each of these molecules has many energy levels and they can radiate light in the atmosphere causing Airglo (Heicklen, 1976).
Airglo is generated by less energy than is required for photo-dissociation and consequently the photo-disassociation frequencies have to be higher than those necessary to cause Airglo (Table 3 from Heicklen, 1976). Consequently they will be even further removed to higher frequencies than the Airglo frequencies (1.5*10^14 to 1.66*10^16 Hertz) which lie within the three 3*10^13 to 3*10^16 Bands and include part of the Micrometer and Infra–Red waves, Near Infra Red, Visible Light and Near Ultra Violet and Vacuum Ultraviolet rays (Table 5, Lide and Frederickse, 1995, Heicklen, 1976).
The energy necessary to dissociate Oxygen (O₂), NO-O, HO (Meinel bands), Na D(Doublet) and N (1), between 40 and 100 km altitude in the atmosphere is greater than the Airglo frequencies, which are some 11 million to 1.224 billion times higher in frequency than the Methane Destruction Frequency of 13.56*10^6 Hertz (Tables 3,4 and 5). Consequently the chances of the 13.56 MHz Methane Destruction Frequency generating any hazardous chemicals in the atmosphere is very low to zero.
Oxygen and Methane Photo - Dissociation and Nitrogen Energy Absorption in the Thermosphere
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| Figure 5. Enhanced Lucy Transmission System [larger size] |
Above 120 Km altitude, in the upper atmosphere (Thermosphere), the intensity for an overhead sun gives an oxygen, J(O₂) Photo-dissociation coefficient of 3.7*10^-6 (sec-1) for the Schumann–Runge Continuum (Nicolet, 1971 in Heicklen, 1976). In the same region, the photo-dissociation of methane (CH₄ to CH₃ + H) gives a photo-dissociation coefficient, J (CH₄) of 6*10^-6 (sec-1) (Heicklen, 1976, Table 4). Consequently methane photo-dissociates 1.62 times as easily as oxygen (O₂) in the atmosphere above 120 km in the Shuman–Runge continuum (Heicklen, 1976, Table 4). Above an altitude of 120 Km, methane is found to photo-dissociate 50 times as easily as oxygen (O₂) in the energy field of the Schumann-Runge bands (SRB)(Heicklen, 1976, Table 4).
At altitudes greater than 110 km in the Thermosphere, nitrogen absorbs all energy (ultra–violet (UV), x–ray, gamma ray and cosmic rays at wavelengths less than 1000 Angstroms (3*10^15 Hertz)(Figures 1, 2 and 4, Table 3)(Heicklen, 1976).
At a lower altitude than 100 km, methane retains its high photo - dissociation coefficient, J(CH₄) as it had in the upper atmosphere of 6*10^-6 (sec-1), but the oxygen photo dissociation coefficient, J (O₂) is here reduced to 1.2*10^-6 for the Schumann–Runge continuum (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1, 2 and 4). Hence at an altitude of 100 km methane now photo-dissociates 5 times more easily than oxygen (O₂), and this atmospheric level is at the top of a 30 km thick cloud of methane, which is very photo-reactive (Heicklen, 1976). Consequently by the time the sun’s radiation has penetrated down to 100 km altitude, for every oxygen (O₂) molecule that photo-dissociates, 5 hydrogen atoms will be removed from methane molecules. Thus some of the methane molecules will we entirely photo-dissociated to a nano-diamond (C) and four hydrogen atoms. Two water molecules will then form from four released methane hydrogens as they combine with two photo - dissociated oxygen (O₁) atoms. Additional free hydrogen will also be produced by partial photo–dissociation of some of the methane.
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| Figure 6. [larger size] |
Methane photo-dissociation continues to be enhanced compared to oxygen with decreasing altitude within the methane cloud between 100 km and 70 km altitude. At 90 km height, the methane photo-dissociation coefficient J(CH₄) = 5*10^-6 (sec-1), which is 294.112 times larger than the oxygen J(O₂) photo dissociation coefficient = 1.7*10^-8 (sec-1) (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1, 2 and 4). If we divide this large number by 4 to take account of the photo-dissociation of all four hydrogen atoms in the methane molecule, the ratio of photo-dissociation coefficient of methane molecules (CH₄) to oxygen (O₂) molecules is 73.528 at 100 km altitude. This means that a large number of nano-diamonds are formed in the region between 100 km and 90 km altitude in the thermosphere and are then able to settle or diffuse their way downward, where they most likely form the seeds or nuclei of the Noctilucent Clouds that now develop below 86 km altitude (Simonds, 2008).
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| Figure 7. [larger size] |
At the 88 km level in the Thermosphere, in the central zone of the highly photo-reactive methane cloud, the ratio of the methane photo-dissociation coefficient to the oxygen (O₂)(Schumann–Runge continuum) photo-dissociation coefficient is about 555.3. Therefore total photo-dissociation of all four hydrogen atoms from the methane molecule should therefore occur 138.8 times more frequently than the photo dissociation of oxygen (O₂) by the energy of the Schumann–Runge continuum (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1,2 and 4). The photo dissociation reaction can be represented as below where h = Planck’s Constant:
(CH₄) + h*f (Schumann–Runge continuum) + O₂ + h*f (Schumann–Runge continuum) = nano-diamond (C) + 2*(H₂O)
At 88 km level for oxygen (O₂) photo-dissociaton from energy of the Schumann–Runge bands, the ratio of the methane photo-dissocation to oxygen photo-dissociation is 164, so that on average 41 methane molecules are totally converted into nano-diamonds for each oxygen (O₂) molecule photo-dissociated (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1, 2 and 3). This photo-dissociation reaction can be represented as below with h = Planck’s Constant:
(CH₄) + h*f (Schumann–Runge bands) + O₂ + h*f (Schumann–Runge bands) = nano-diamond (C) + 2*(H₂O)
At an altitude of 80 km, the photo-dissociation coefficient of methane (J(CH₄)) has decreased to 3.2*10^-6 (sec-1) but the photo-dissociation coefficient of oxygen (J(O₂)) has sharply fallen to 2.0*10^-9 (sec-1) (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1, 2 and 4). Thus at a height of 80 km, the methane photo-dissocation occurs 1600 times more easily than oxygen (O₂) photo-dissociation in the Schumann–Runge continuum (SRC) and consequently there are about 400 nano-diamonds generated for every oxygen (O₂) molecule that photo-dissociates.
At 88 km level for oxygen (O₂) photo-dissociaton from energy of the Schumann–Runge bands, the ratio of the methane photo-dissocation to oxygen photo-dissociation is 164, so that on average 41 methane molecules are totally converted into nano-diamonds for each oxygen (O₂) molecule photo-dissociated (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1, 2 and 3). This photo-dissociation reaction can be represented as below with h = Planck’s Constant:
(CH₄) + h*f (Schumann–Runge bands) + O₂ + h*f (Schumann–Runge bands) = nano-diamond (C) + 2*(H₂O)
At an altitude of 80 km, the photo-dissociation coefficient of methane (J(CH₄)) has decreased to 3.2*10^-6 (sec-1) but the photo-dissociation coefficient of oxygen (J(O₂)) has sharply fallen to 2.0*10^-9 (sec-1) (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1, 2 and 4). Thus at a height of 80 km, the methane photo-dissocation occurs 1600 times more easily than oxygen (O₂) photo-dissociation in the Schumann–Runge continuum (SRC) and consequently there are about 400 nano-diamonds generated for every oxygen (O₂) molecule that photo-dissociates.
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| Figure 8. Inclusion in European Central Bank strategy review [larger size] |
Consequently throughout the entire 30 km altitude range in the photo-reactive methane cloud in the Thermosphere, methane has a very high total photo-dissociation coefficient ranging from 662.5 times that of oxygen at 70 km height to 1.2 that of oxygen at 100 km height. During these photo-dissociation processes, nano-diamonds (C), and water ice (H₂0) are produced in large quantities. The nano-diamonds probably settle or diffuse downward to form the seeds of nuclei of the Noctilucent clouds (86 km to 50 km height), while the water accumulates in the ice layer which has been found to develop between 82 km and 89 km height (Heicklen, 1976, Tables 1,2 and 4). The unusual colours (colourless to light blue) shown by the Noctilucent clouds may result from the high refractive index (2.42) and strong light dispersion of the nano-diamond nuclei of the Noctilucent Cloud particles (Hurlbut, 1959, Thormahlen, Straub and Grigul, 1985).
Noctilucent (“Night–Shining”) Clouds
Noctilucent Clouds require very cold temperatures, dust and water vapour to form high in the Thermosphere (Science Daily, 2014) and they are made up of tiny ice particles around 100 nm, (1000 Angstroms) in diameter (Phillips, 2008, Wales 2020). Noctilucent Clouds were found initially between 76 km and 85 km in height and to be spatially related to the centre zone of the ice layer at an altitude of 82 km and 89 km (Heicklen, 1976, Phillips 2008, Science Daily, 2014).
It has been proposed that the moisture for the Noctilucent Clouds may be lifted through gaps in the Tropopause as well as forming from the reaction of methane with hydroxyl radicals in the Stratosphere (NLC’s 2014).
There is uncertainty about the origin of the dust that forms the nuclei of Noctilucent Cloud, water /ice droplets that originally formed at altitudes of 76 km to 85 km in the Thermosphere and it was assumed to be meteoric dust, volcanic or tropospheric dust (Phillips, 2008, Simonds, 2008, Science Daily, 2014, Heicklen 1976).
Originally Noctilucent Clouds were detected between 76 km and 86 km altitude in the Thermosphere, but over two decades of global warming the base of the “Night Shining” clouds has fallen to 50 km altitude at the base of the Thermosphere while the top has risen to 86 km (Simonds, 2008). This is an increase of 4 times in cloud depth (9 km to 36 km)(Simonds, 2008). Noctilucent Cloud behaviour became even more mysterious over the last two decades of Global Warming because they began to shine more brightly as their base progressively extended downwards from 76 km to 50 km altitude (O’Carrol, 2007, O’Carrol and Steigerwald, 2007; NASA Earth Observatory, 2008).
As the major Global Warming component in the Arctic is the exponentially growing Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming veil which has a global warming potential, 10 to 1000 times that of carbon dioxide, the growth of the Arctic methane cloud is clearly directly linked to the thickening processes of the Noctilucent Cloud at high altitudes as the methane rises upward into the Thermosphere.
According to Heicklen (1976) there is an ice particle layer in the atmosphere between 82 km and 89 km in the Thermosphere which has a mean altitude of 85.5 km. This mean height of the ice layer corresponds almost exactly with the top of the Noctilucent Clouds which has risen from 85 km to 86 km over two decades due to Global Warming (Simonds, 2008). Quite clearly the formation of the ice layer and the top of Noctilucent clouds are closely related to the 70 km to 100 km altitude, high photo dissociation coefficient methane cloud, which they lie in the middle of (Figure 1, 2 and 4) and to low altitude methane cloud induced Global Warming.
Crystal Size Relationships in the Noctilucent Clouds
One molecule of cubic (octahedral) diamond, has a volume of 45.355*10^-30 cubic metres (a = 3.567 Angstroms) (Lide and Frederickse, 1995). One hexagonal molecule of water ice has a volume of 130.41*10^-30 cubic metres (a = 4.5212 Angstroms, c = 7.366 Angstroms) (Lide and Frederickse, 1995).
The size of the particles that make up the Noctilucent Cloud layer, that originally lay between 76 km and 85 km altitude (now 50 km to 86 km high), are estimated at less than 100 nm across (i.e. about 1000 Angstroms in width)(Phillips, 2008). The ice particle size seems consistent with them collecting in bunches whose volume is approximately the multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency (13.56 MHz = 13.56*10^6 Hertz) times the hexagonal molecular volume of ice = 130.41*10-30 cubic metres (Lide and Frederickse, 1995). The ice particle volume determined here is 1.7683596*10^-21 cubic metres. The volume of a hexagonal tube of side h and of length 2h is 10.39230485*h^3. Consequently we can determine 2h (the width) of a hexagonal bunch of molecular ice crystals of number 13.56*10^6 which is 1108.280175*10^-10 metres = 1108.28 Angstroms = 110.828 nm. This is slightly larger than the less than 100 nm size of ice particles estimated for the Noctilucent Clouds between 86 km and 50 km altitude (Phillips, 2008). It is however remarkably close to the wavelength of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency above 88 km altitude, which equals 2*10^8*13.56*10^6 Hz = 2.712*10^15 Hertz. The calculated wavelength of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction frequency = 1105.429417 Angstroms = 110.543 nm.
We can therefore assume that the particles forming the Noctilucent Clouds, each represent a physical manifestation of the 13.56 MHz Methane Destruction Frequency as well as the wavelength of the 88 km, Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency (1105.43 Angstroms).
This clearly implies that the size of the particles in the Noctilucent Clouds, the top of which lie at some 86 km height, is directly related to the release of hydrogen from the photo-dissociation of methane in the centre of the high photo-dissociation methane layer between 70 km and 100 km altitude. This methane photo–dissociation is caused by the action of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency (2.712*10^15 Hertz) above 88 km and the energy from the Schumann-Runge continuum and bands between 88 km and 70 km height (Figures 1, 2 and 4).
For pure diamond particles constructed by multiplying the Methane Destruction Frequency by the diamond molecule volume (Lide and Frederickse, 1995), the calculated width is 850.5973 Angstroms for a cube and 1055.3669 Angstroms for a sphere giving a mean of 952.9671 Angstroms = 95.29671 nm, similar to the less than 100 nm width estimated for the particles in Noctilucent Clouds (Phillips, 2008).
Conclusions
The most unfortunate circumstances have led me to become the Planet Earth’s undertaker and the Earth’s near-time future looks rather like a giant hole in the ground on Figure 3. It is by all accounts going to become a giant boiling cloud of stardust, following the ancient adage “Ashes to Ashes and Dust to Dust” directly resulting from our total incineration, as a result of the fiery heating of the atmosphere, by the exponentially growing, terminally catastrophic Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil (Light 2014, Carana 2014).
Our last remaining hope as this Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil expands uncontrollably, is to use the Synergetic Satellite and Surface based Atmospheric Methane Destruction Projects (Star–Haarp) and (Lucy–Alamo), to simultaneously destroy the growing Tropospheric and Thermospheric Methane clouds to nano-diamonds and hydrogen with the already well-tested 13.56 MHz methane destruction frequency, which is of such a large wavelength (22.11 metres) that it should have negligible side effects (Table 5, Refs). Not only will this process eliminate the high global warming potential Methane (10 to 1000 times the Global Warming Potential of carbon dioxide (Carana2014)), but will produce nano-diamond seeds that can form the nuclei of water droplets in Noctilucent and Tropospheric clouds which will then blanket the Earth from the sun’s radiation and produce a sharp cooling at the Earth’s surface. We have in this method two atmospheric cooling processes for the price of one.
Simultaneously with the Star–Haarp and Lucy–Alamo Projects, all International major oil and gas corporations should work with Russia, on a war footing extracting methane from the subsea Arctic methane hydrates in the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Arctic Shelf (Angels Project) to totally eliminate the subsea methane hydrate-rich region as a future threat to our Planet during the lives of our children and grandchildren (see enclosed DVD on the Star–Haarp, Lucy–Alamo and Angels Projects).
Mother Nature has given you a simple choice this decade between becoming Planet Earth’s Guardian Angel, or Terminal Global Extinction Stardust. I know what future I would choose.
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank my wife Valerie for her immense assistance in completing this work in a very short space of time.
Qualifications
Although my degrees are in geology, my parents were both meteorologists in the Royal Air Force. In 1959 at high school I made a moving average rainfall graph, using the 11 year solar cycle and the disastrous effects of global warming were immediately apparent. At the University of Cape Town besides geology, I also studied oceanography, physics, chemistry, mathematics and statistics. I have a Phd. From the University of London. My 20 years experience in oil and high pressure gas exploration qualified me to work at CPOM (Centre for Polar observation and Modeling) at the University of London on the threat of the Arctic subsea methane hydrates. It is 20 years since my first publication on the extreme threat posed by the subsea Arctic methane hydrates. I am a member the Arctic Methane Emergency Group and have subsequently published in Sam Carana’s Arctic News.
Noctilucent (“Night–Shining”) Clouds
Noctilucent Clouds require very cold temperatures, dust and water vapour to form high in the Thermosphere (Science Daily, 2014) and they are made up of tiny ice particles around 100 nm, (1000 Angstroms) in diameter (Phillips, 2008, Wales 2020). Noctilucent Clouds were found initially between 76 km and 85 km in height and to be spatially related to the centre zone of the ice layer at an altitude of 82 km and 89 km (Heicklen, 1976, Phillips 2008, Science Daily, 2014).
It has been proposed that the moisture for the Noctilucent Clouds may be lifted through gaps in the Tropopause as well as forming from the reaction of methane with hydroxyl radicals in the Stratosphere (NLC’s 2014).
There is uncertainty about the origin of the dust that forms the nuclei of Noctilucent Cloud, water /ice droplets that originally formed at altitudes of 76 km to 85 km in the Thermosphere and it was assumed to be meteoric dust, volcanic or tropospheric dust (Phillips, 2008, Simonds, 2008, Science Daily, 2014, Heicklen 1976).
Originally Noctilucent Clouds were detected between 76 km and 86 km altitude in the Thermosphere, but over two decades of global warming the base of the “Night Shining” clouds has fallen to 50 km altitude at the base of the Thermosphere while the top has risen to 86 km (Simonds, 2008). This is an increase of 4 times in cloud depth (9 km to 36 km)(Simonds, 2008). Noctilucent Cloud behaviour became even more mysterious over the last two decades of Global Warming because they began to shine more brightly as their base progressively extended downwards from 76 km to 50 km altitude (O’Carrol, 2007, O’Carrol and Steigerwald, 2007; NASA Earth Observatory, 2008).
As the major Global Warming component in the Arctic is the exponentially growing Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming veil which has a global warming potential, 10 to 1000 times that of carbon dioxide, the growth of the Arctic methane cloud is clearly directly linked to the thickening processes of the Noctilucent Cloud at high altitudes as the methane rises upward into the Thermosphere.
According to Heicklen (1976) there is an ice particle layer in the atmosphere between 82 km and 89 km in the Thermosphere which has a mean altitude of 85.5 km. This mean height of the ice layer corresponds almost exactly with the top of the Noctilucent Clouds which has risen from 85 km to 86 km over two decades due to Global Warming (Simonds, 2008). Quite clearly the formation of the ice layer and the top of Noctilucent clouds are closely related to the 70 km to 100 km altitude, high photo dissociation coefficient methane cloud, which they lie in the middle of (Figure 1, 2 and 4) and to low altitude methane cloud induced Global Warming.
Crystal Size Relationships in the Noctilucent Clouds
One molecule of cubic (octahedral) diamond, has a volume of 45.355*10^-30 cubic metres (a = 3.567 Angstroms) (Lide and Frederickse, 1995). One hexagonal molecule of water ice has a volume of 130.41*10^-30 cubic metres (a = 4.5212 Angstroms, c = 7.366 Angstroms) (Lide and Frederickse, 1995).
The size of the particles that make up the Noctilucent Cloud layer, that originally lay between 76 km and 85 km altitude (now 50 km to 86 km high), are estimated at less than 100 nm across (i.e. about 1000 Angstroms in width)(Phillips, 2008). The ice particle size seems consistent with them collecting in bunches whose volume is approximately the multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency (13.56 MHz = 13.56*10^6 Hertz) times the hexagonal molecular volume of ice = 130.41*10-30 cubic metres (Lide and Frederickse, 1995). The ice particle volume determined here is 1.7683596*10^-21 cubic metres. The volume of a hexagonal tube of side h and of length 2h is 10.39230485*h^3. Consequently we can determine 2h (the width) of a hexagonal bunch of molecular ice crystals of number 13.56*10^6 which is 1108.280175*10^-10 metres = 1108.28 Angstroms = 110.828 nm. This is slightly larger than the less than 100 nm size of ice particles estimated for the Noctilucent Clouds between 86 km and 50 km altitude (Phillips, 2008). It is however remarkably close to the wavelength of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency above 88 km altitude, which equals 2*10^8*13.56*10^6 Hz = 2.712*10^15 Hertz. The calculated wavelength of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction frequency = 1105.429417 Angstroms = 110.543 nm.
We can therefore assume that the particles forming the Noctilucent Clouds, each represent a physical manifestation of the 13.56 MHz Methane Destruction Frequency as well as the wavelength of the 88 km, Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency (1105.43 Angstroms).
This clearly implies that the size of the particles in the Noctilucent Clouds, the top of which lie at some 86 km height, is directly related to the release of hydrogen from the photo-dissociation of methane in the centre of the high photo-dissociation methane layer between 70 km and 100 km altitude. This methane photo–dissociation is caused by the action of the Even Integer Multiple of the Methane Destruction Frequency (2.712*10^15 Hertz) above 88 km and the energy from the Schumann-Runge continuum and bands between 88 km and 70 km height (Figures 1, 2 and 4).
For pure diamond particles constructed by multiplying the Methane Destruction Frequency by the diamond molecule volume (Lide and Frederickse, 1995), the calculated width is 850.5973 Angstroms for a cube and 1055.3669 Angstroms for a sphere giving a mean of 952.9671 Angstroms = 95.29671 nm, similar to the less than 100 nm width estimated for the particles in Noctilucent Clouds (Phillips, 2008).
Conclusions
The most unfortunate circumstances have led me to become the Planet Earth’s undertaker and the Earth’s near-time future looks rather like a giant hole in the ground on Figure 3. It is by all accounts going to become a giant boiling cloud of stardust, following the ancient adage “Ashes to Ashes and Dust to Dust” directly resulting from our total incineration, as a result of the fiery heating of the atmosphere, by the exponentially growing, terminally catastrophic Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil (Light 2014, Carana 2014).
Our last remaining hope as this Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil expands uncontrollably, is to use the Synergetic Satellite and Surface based Atmospheric Methane Destruction Projects (Star–Haarp) and (Lucy–Alamo), to simultaneously destroy the growing Tropospheric and Thermospheric Methane clouds to nano-diamonds and hydrogen with the already well-tested 13.56 MHz methane destruction frequency, which is of such a large wavelength (22.11 metres) that it should have negligible side effects (Table 5, Refs). Not only will this process eliminate the high global warming potential Methane (10 to 1000 times the Global Warming Potential of carbon dioxide (Carana2014)), but will produce nano-diamond seeds that can form the nuclei of water droplets in Noctilucent and Tropospheric clouds which will then blanket the Earth from the sun’s radiation and produce a sharp cooling at the Earth’s surface. We have in this method two atmospheric cooling processes for the price of one.
Simultaneously with the Star–Haarp and Lucy–Alamo Projects, all International major oil and gas corporations should work with Russia, on a war footing extracting methane from the subsea Arctic methane hydrates in the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Arctic Shelf (Angels Project) to totally eliminate the subsea methane hydrate-rich region as a future threat to our Planet during the lives of our children and grandchildren (see enclosed DVD on the Star–Haarp, Lucy–Alamo and Angels Projects).
Mother Nature has given you a simple choice this decade between becoming Planet Earth’s Guardian Angel, or Terminal Global Extinction Stardust. I know what future I would choose.
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank my wife Valerie for her immense assistance in completing this work in a very short space of time.
Qualifications
Although my degrees are in geology, my parents were both meteorologists in the Royal Air Force. In 1959 at high school I made a moving average rainfall graph, using the 11 year solar cycle and the disastrous effects of global warming were immediately apparent. At the University of Cape Town besides geology, I also studied oceanography, physics, chemistry, mathematics and statistics. I have a Phd. From the University of London. My 20 years experience in oil and high pressure gas exploration qualified me to work at CPOM (Centre for Polar observation and Modeling) at the University of London on the threat of the Arctic subsea methane hydrates. It is 20 years since my first publication on the extreme threat posed by the subsea Arctic methane hydrates. I am a member the Arctic Methane Emergency Group and have subsequently published in Sam Carana’s Arctic News.
Figure References
Figure 3. Concentration increase of Arctic Methane Global Warming Veil between 2013 and 2050. Calculated from IASI MetOp methane data by Sam Carana, 2014.
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/arctic-atmospheric-methane-global-warming-veil.html
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Kvenvolden, K.A., and Calypool, G.E., 1988. Gas hydrates in the oceanic sediment. In: U.S. Geol.Surv. Open - file Rep. No. 88 - 216, 50 pp.
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Kvenvolden, K.A., and Grantz, A., 1990. Gas hydrates of the Arctic Ocean region. In: The Geology of North America 50, The Arctic Ocean region. Geological Society of America, pp 539 - 549.
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Larousse F. and Auge C. 1968. Nouveau Petit Larousse en Couleurs Libraire, Larousse Paris, Georges Lang, Paris, 1662 pp.
Lawver L.A., Dalziel I.W.D., Norton I.O., and Gahagan L.M., 2009. The Plates 2009 Atlas of Plate Reconstruction (750 Ma to Present Day). Plates Progress Report No. 325 - 0509. The University of Texas Technical Report. No. 196, p. 52.
http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/plates/250.htm
Lecture 5, 2014. Subduction Zones and Island Arcs.
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Lein – Te, W., Wen – Jhy, L., Chuh – Yung, C., Moo – Been, C., Huei – Chuau C., 1998. Converting Methane by using an RF Plasma Reactor. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing. Vol. 18, No.2, pp. 215 – 239.
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