Arctic News: Reference

References, conversions, facts and links

1. Temperature conversion

When converting temperatures from one scale to another (Celsius, Fahrenheit, etc.), make sure to first check if they are anomalies.

To convert a temperature measurement, go to
convert-me.com/en/convert/temperature

However, when converting a temperature anomaly, i.e. a RISE or FALL compared to a long-term average, go to
convert-me.com/en/convert/temperature-inc

2. Sources

Sea surface temperature anomaly	Sea ice volume

Methane levels

http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/soundings/iasi/index.html

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/iadv/

http://methanetracker.org/(discontinued)

Sea surface temperatures and anomalies

http://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/sst/ophi/

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/sst.shtml

http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/sst/contour/index.html

http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/sst/anal_fields.html

http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/sst/50km_night/index.html

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/global/globe/ocean/1/6/1880-2015

http://cci-reanalyzer.org/DailySummary/

Temperature, wind, more

http://cci-reanalyzer.org/DailySummary/

http://earth.nullschool.net/

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/glbcir.shtml

http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/

Arctic sea ice

http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/charctic-interactive-sea-ice-graph/

http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/arctic.sea.ice.interactive.html

http://www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/hycomARC/arctic.html

http://www.arctic.io/explorer/
https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/
https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/ (May 7, 2016, with layers)
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/arctic-sea-ice.html
http://greatwhitecon.info/resources/arctic-regional-graphs/beaufort-sea-ice-graphs/#Mackenzie-Flow

Key pages of things to watch
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/the-mechanism.html
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/threat.html
• PIOMAS VOLUME - ArctischePinguin
https://sites.google.com/site/arctischepinguin/
• PIOMAS graphs
https://sites.google.com/site/arctischepinguin/home/piomas
• PIOMAS VOLUME - University of Washington
PIOMAS Sea Ice volume
http://psc.apl.washington.edu/wordpress/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/
• Arctic Sea Ice Graphs
https://sites.google.com/site/arcticseaicegraphs/
• Sea ice concentration maps (July 1st 2005-2012)
https://sites.google.com/site/arcticseaicegraphs/concentration-maps/sic0701
• Long-term graphs
https://sites.google.com/site/arcticseaicegraphs/longterm
• Arctic Sea Ice Blog
http://neven1.typepad.com
• Italian site:
http://cambiamentoclimatico.altervista.org/

Greenland
• Jason Box blog
http://meltfactor.org

• NSIDC Greenland Ice Sheet
http://nsidc.org/greenland-today/

Wildfires and smoke
• Wunderground
https://www.wunderground.com/wundermap/fire
• NASA satellite
https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/imagery/
https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/imagery/firemaps/small_current_firemap.jpg

3. Units of measurement

WEIGHT: How much is one Gt, or one Pg? Below is a table comparing different units of measurement.

Units of measurement (tonnes versus grams)

Multiple Name Symbol
English Multiple (SI) Name (SI) Symbol (SI) English(SI)

   10⁰ gram g gram

10³ kilogram Kg thousand g

10⁰ tonne t 1 tonne 10⁶ megagram Mg million g

10³ kilotonne    kt 1 thousand tonnes 10⁹ gigagram Gg billion g

10⁶ megatonne    Mt 1 million tonnes 10¹² teragram T trillion g

10⁹ gigatonne    Gt 1 billion tonnes 10¹⁵ petagram Pg quadrillion g

10¹² teratonne    Tt 1 trillion tonnes 10¹⁸ exagram Eg quintillion g

10¹⁵ petatonne    Pt 1 quadrillion tonnes 10²¹ zettagram Zg sextillion g

10¹⁸ exatonne    Et 1 quintillion tonnes 10²⁴ yottagram Yg septillion g

Multiple	Name	Symbol		English Multiple (SI)	Name (SI)	Symbol (SI)	English(SI)
			10⁰	gram	g	gram
			10³	kilogram	Kg	thousand g
10⁰	tonne	t	1 tonne 10⁶	megagram	Mg	million g
10³	kilotonne	kt	1 thousand tonnes 10⁹	gigagram	Gg	billion g
10⁶	megatonne	Mt	1 million tonnes 10¹²	teragram	T	trillion g
10⁹	gigatonne	Gt	1 billion tonnes 10¹⁵	petagram	Pg	quadrillion g
10¹²	teratonne	Tt	1 trillion tonnes 10¹⁸	exagram	Eg	quintillion g
10¹⁵	petatonne	Pt	1 quadrillion tonnes 10²¹	zettagram	Zg	sextillion g
10¹⁸	exatonne	Et	1 quintillion tonnes 10²⁴	yottagram	Yg	septillion g

From: Sam Carana http://geo-engineering.blogspot.com/2011/06/earth-at-boiling-point.html
See below for an image of above table, from: http://methane-hydrates.blogspot.com/p/facts.html
See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers
Below is an image converting different units of measurement, i.e. tonne and gram.

ALTITUDE: The conversion table below shows the altitude equivalents in feet, m and mb.

57,016 feet	44,690 feet	36,850 feet	30,570 feet	25,544 feet	19,820 feet	14,385 feet	8,368 feet	1,916 feet
17,378 m	13,621 m	11,232 m	9,318 m	7,786 m	6,041 m	4,384 m	2,551 m	584 m
74 mb	147 mb	218 mb	293 mb	367 mb	469 mb	586 mb	742 mb	945 mb

Below is the conversion table as an image:

4. Symbols, acronyms and abbreviations

AMM	Arctic Methane Management (see below)
BC	black carbon (or soot)
C	Carbon
CDR	Carbon Dioxide Removal
CFC	chlorofluorocarbon
CH₄	methane (or natural gas) CH₄
CO	carbon monoxide
CO₂	carbon dioxide CO₂
EMD	Enhanced Methane Decomposition (see below)
EV	electric vehicle
HFC	hydrofluorocarbon also known as freon, with the subclass HCFC
HCFC	hydrochlorofluorocarbon
H₂O₂	HOOH or hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂
NO	nitrogen monoxide (commonly known as nitric oxide)
NO₂	nitrogen dioxide NO₂
NO_X	nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂, which cause O₃, smog and acid rain)
N₂O	nitrous oxide N₂O
O₃	ozone O₃
OH	hydroxyl
PFC	perfluorocarbon
SF₆	sulphur hexafluoride SF₆
SRM	Solar Radiation Management
OC	volatile organic compound include CFCs, styrene, limonene and formaldehyde
WWS	WWS energy or Wind, Water and Solar Energy (water includes hydro, wave, tidal and geothermal)

fractions 1½ 1⅓ 1⅔ 1¾ ½ ⅔ ¼ ¾ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ % ‰ ‱
degree °C °F °
distance km²
surface km³

exponent 1¹ 1² 1³ 1⁴ 1⁵ 1⁶ 1⁷ 1⁸ 1⁹ 1¹⁰
about ≈ ±
symbols Æ, Ø, Å and ß ⍺ ⍵ Π
line ━ _ - = ═
root √ ∛ ∜
commas ‘ ’ ‚ “ ” „ ‘ ’ “ ”
bulletpoints •

at @ ＠
emoticons  ☺ ♡ ♥
check mark ✓
arrows   ➛ ← →
star    ⋆ * ❋ ⁎
chemical O₁ O₂ O₃ O₄ O₅ O₆ O₇ O₈ O₉ O₁₀

From: Comprehensive Plan of Action - Sam Carana
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/comprehensive-plan-of-action.html
see also:
https://coolsymbol.com/

5. Wedges and proposed remediation methods

1. Climate Change		CDR: biochar, carbon air capture, enhanced weathering, algae bags, EVs, renewable energy, clean cooking & heating, LEDs, etc. SRM: surface and cloud brightening, release of aerosols AMM: methane capture, release of oxygen and diatoms, wetland management, river diversion, EMD (enhanced methane decomposition)
2. Ocean acidification		enhanced weathering
3. Stratospheric ozone depletion		oxygen release
4. Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles		algae bags, biochar, enhanced weathering
5. Global freshwater use		desalination, biochar, enhanced weathering
6. Change in land use		desalination, biochar, enhanced weathering
7. Biodiversity loss		desalination, biochar, enhanced weathering
8. Atmospheric aerosol loading		biochar, EVs, renewable energy, clean cooking & heating, LEDs, etc.
9. Chemical pollution		recycling, waste management (separation)