Abrupt release of methane in the Arctic in late 2011?

Was over 2 Megaton of methane released abruptly from hydrates in the Arctic in late 2011? Satellite images show high levels of methane at various locations in the Arctic over a period of 13 days (November 26, 2011, to December 8, 2011).

Methane was observed at various locations in the Arctic at levels of about 2000 parts per billion. Global levels are about 1820 parts per billion.

What could have caused these high levels in the Arctic?

There are no natural gas pipes at the North Pole that could be leaking, there are no drilling activities taking place, and there are no cows or termites. Since it was winter at the time, there were no algae blooms.

The best way to explain these high levels of methane at the North Pole is that was venting from hydrates at the North Pole and carried by the wind into North America.

Global wind circulation patterns - NSIDC image

In which direction would methane flow?

Polar easterlies are the prevailing wind patterns in the Arctic. When methane emerges at surface levels in the Arctic, these winds will drive it down to 60 degrees North latitude, where it will be further dispersed by the Polar Jet Stream (or Polar front).

How fast can methane be carried by the wind?

In the Arctic, winds have average speeds of 600 to 1032 kilometers per day on the Atlantic side in winter, while maximum wind speeds in the Atlantic region can approach 4320 kilometers per day in winter (Rajmund Przybylak, 2003: The Climate of the Arctic).

By comparison, the distance between Murmansk and Svalbard is about 1000 km (621 miles), as illustrated on the above map.

The animation below shows daily satellite pictures of methane descending down the Arctic, from the North Pole into North America over a period of 13 days (November 26, 2011, to December 8, 2011). Distances traveled daily appear to match average wind speeds for the respective area at this time of the year.

Note: This is a 2.17 MB file; it may take some time for the animation to fully load.

In conclusion, the animation suggests that methane is venting from hydrates in the Arctic at levels up to 2000 parts per billion. These high levels can cover areas as large as Greenland. Total surface of Earth is 510,072,000 square kilometers, and Greenland has a surface of 2,166,086 square kilometers, one 235th that of Earth.

The total methane burden on Earth is about 5 Gt, corresponding with a level of 1820 parts per billion. Thus the burden over an area the size of Greenland would be one 235th of 5 Gigaton, or 21 Megaton. A level of 2000 parts per billion is about ten percent higher than the world's average level of 1820 parts per billion. Thus, the methane that shows up in the animation could result from abrupt release of some 2.1 Megaton of methane from hydrates in the Arctic.

Arctic methane threat at Radio Ecoshock

The Arctic methane threat is featured at Radio Ecoshock.

Click on the player below to hear the audio:



Or, go to ARCTIC EMERGENCY Global Threat, and hear the audio while viewing more background.

 

Video: East Siberian Arctic Shelf Expedition 2011

East Siberian Arctic Shelf Expedition 2011.

In an interview published February 9, 2012, expedition leader Dr. Igor Semiletov said: "the methane release that we have identified in the Arctic is both unprecedented in terms of its volume and has the potential to increase greatly if warming trends continue."

Video uploaded by the International Arctic Research Center (IARC) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) at Youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b73wLHoiQyI

Also view map of the study area explored during the expedition. 

Methane venting in the Arctic

Above chart, based on historic NASA land-surface air temperature anomaly data (see interactive map at the bottom of this page), shows that the average temperature anomaly rise in the Arctic (latitude 64 and higher) looks set to reach 10°C within decades. 

These anomalies are based on annual averages that are also averaged over a huge area. The NASA image on the left shows temperature anomalies of over 10°C for the month December 2011.  

More detailed analysis shows that, over December 2011, the highest average temperature anomaly (12.8933°C) was recorded in the Kara Sea (latitudes 79 - 81 and longitudes 73 - 89).

NOAA daily data show even more prominent anomalies, especially for the area from the Kara Sea over Franz Josef Land to Svalbard (see Wikipedia image left). 

NOAA temperature anomalies for January 31, 2012, seem typical for the over 20°C anomalies that this area has experienced over the period December 7, 2011, to February 11, 2012. 

An animated image with the full data over the period December 7, 2011, to February 11, 2012, is displayed in an earlier post at this blog, temperature anomalies over 20 degrees Celsius. (Note: this is a 4.7MB file that may take some time to fully load.) 

How is it possible for this specific area to show such huge temperature anomalies? 

1. Rivers?

Could it be that warm water from rivers flows into the Kara Sea and is transferred to the atmosphere in this area? This seems unlikely, given that it is winter, while the mainland does not appear to be suffering similar temperature anomalies. The NOAA map below with anomalies for water temperatures (at surface level) also shows no particular anomalies for the Kara Sea.

2. Warm water from the Atlantic Ocean?

Above image shows that the water surface temperature anomalies are most prominent just north of Scandinavia. The reason for this is that thermohaline circulation is pushing warm water from the Atlantic Ocean into the Arctic Ocean, as evident when looking at actual water temperatures (image below). 

As above image shows, warm water from the Atlantic Ocean hasn't (yet) penetrated the Kara Sea, which makes sense in winter. Therefore, this also seems an unlikely candidate to explain the over 20°C air surface temperature anomalies in the area stretching from the Kara Sea over Franz Josef Land to Svalbard. 

3. Methane? 

A third possibility is that methane is venting from hydrates in the Arctic and is spread by the wind around the Arctic. This would explain the record methane level of 1870+ reached in the Arctic for January 2012, as shown on the image below. 

Particularly worrying is that this methane continues to rise. In the past, methane concentrations have fluctuated up and down in line with the seasons. Over the past seven months, however, methane has shown steady growth in the Arctic. Such a long continuous period of growth is unprecedented, the more so as it takes place in winter, when vegetation growth and algae bloom is minimal. The most obvious explanation for both the temperature anomalies in the Arctic and above image is that the methane is venting from hydrates in the Arctic.

See animation of methane levels July 2011 - January 2012 

Temperature anomalies over 20 degrees Celsius

The area of the Kara Sea, Franz Josef Land and Svalbard shows temperature anomalies of over 20 degrees Celsius. How can such anomalies be explained?  

Above animation is a 4.7MB file. It may take some time for the animation to fully load. It covers the period December 7, 2011, to February 11, 2012.

Continue reading at: Methane venting in the Arctic

January 2012 shows record levels of methane in the Arctic

In January 2012, methane levels in the Arctic reached levels of 1870 ppb.

Particularly worrying is that, in the past, methane concentrations have fluctuated up and down in line with the seasons. Over the past seven months, however, methane has shown steady growth in the Arctic. Such a long continuous period of growth is unprecedented, the more so as it takes place in winter, when vegetation growth and algae bloom is minimal. The most obvious conclusion is that the methane is venting from hydrates.

Extract from: The need for geo-engioneering
and from: Methane venting in the Arctic

Rebuttal: David Archer wrong to dismiss concern about potential methane runaway in Arctic

               REBUTTAL:

               DAVID ARCHER WRONG TO DISMISS CONCERN

               ABOUT POTENTIAL METHANE RUNAWAY IN ARCTIC:

               Why This Threat Is Real and the Imperative to Exercise

               the Precautionary Principle When the Stakes Are This High  

  

                                    by Gary Houser

         "We carried out checks at about 115 stationary points and discovered

          methane fields of a fantastic scale - I think on a scale not seen before...... 

          This is the first time we've found continuous, powerful and impressive

          seeping structures more than 1,000 meters in diameter. It's amazing."  

              - Dr Igor Semiletov  (crew leader of Sept.-Oct. 2011 U.S.-Russian

                methane expedition in interview with the UK Independent) (1)  

  

In the first sentence of his Jan. 4 entry on the "Real Climate" blog (2) , David Archer links to a rebuttal I wrote to oppose Andrew Revkin's "Dot Earth" dismissal of an article in the UKIndependent about dramatic new observations of methane emissions in the Arctic (3), Archer portrayed this rebuttal as an example of someone getting people un-necessarily "worked up" about the issue. As the co-producer of a documentary which has interviewed several leading edge scientists on this topic  I have asked for space to respond. With all due respect to Archer, the result of these interactions has been a strong sense of urgency that stands in stark contrast to his dismissive stance.  

  

Growing Concern About Rising Arctic Temperatures and Impact on Methane -

It is acknowledged that the Arctic is the most rapidly warming region on earth. As indicators point toward a near term loss of ice cover in the Arctic (with some studies pointing toward a late summer ice-free condition as soon as 2015 (4), there is a growing concern about how amplification of Arctic temperatures will affect the massive deposits of frozen methane in the shallow seabeds of the continental shelf areas. Researchers on the "front line" in the Arctic gathering empirical evidence - such as Igor Semiletov and Natalia Shakhova - are now reporting methane plume activity on a scale not witnessed before now.  

  

These observations were reported in the UK Independent  and since that time have stirred up controversy as to whether humanity may be receiving a first glimpse of a situation that could escalate into one of the scenarios most feared by climate scientists - an unstoppable positive feedback known as a methane "runaway" event. This controversy has been reflected in the above-described exchange on "Dot Earth" and is now expanding to "Real Climate" and even more recently to Joe Romm's "Climate Progress". On Jan.11, Romm wrote about how the methane situation is combining with other factors to create an urgent danger in the Arctic  (5).  The twin issues of contention in this controversy have been whether the methane threat is real and whether it is imminent, therefore deserving the urgent attention of the world.   

  
The Big Picture Context of the Methane Controversy - 

Before launching into a discussion of those two points, it would seem useful to explore the larger context. A key question deserving exploration would be "what is at stake?"  What are the potential consequences if humanity fails to pick up on warning signs and a methane runaway event becomes unleashed?

The topic at hand is what most climate scientists would likely see as the worst case "nightmare" scenario which could lead to a total global catastrophe. We are talking about a greenhouse gas that has a full 72 times more powerful warming impact than CO2 within the first 20 years (6).  We are talking about a global stockpile that contains as much carbon as all the world's known reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas combined. If there is even a chance that significant amounts might be released into the atmosphere by an unstoppable methane "runaway",  a profound moral responsibility exists to approach the topic with utmost care and caution.  

  

What is a Methane "Runaway" Event? -  

The term is defined by Ira Leifer (methane researcher at the Marine Science Institute at Univ. of Calif - Santa Barbara) :

    "A runaway feedback effect would be where methane comes out of the ocean

    into the atmosphere leading to warming, leading to warmer oceans and more

    methane coming out, causing an accelerated rate of warming in what one could 

    describe as a runaway train."  (7)

Due to the enormous size of the methane deposits, this process would "feed" on itself in a way that humanity would most likely be helpless to stop.  

  

Possible Key Role of Methane in Two Mass Extinctions, Including Worst in Earth's History -

In order to ascertain what kind of potential threat methane may be in the present context, it is important to look at earlier periods on earth when methane may well have played a key role in the most devastating mass extinction events in the geological record. Although not a "lock" in terms of absolute "proof", very strong circumstantial evidence points toward a major role of methane in two of these events. One is the "End-Permian" in which severe global warming led to such extreme heat and depletion of oxygen that over 90% of life forms were wiped out. (8)  One attempt to take this association out of the abstract and make it more tangible can be seen in a nine minute segment (highly recommended) from the acclaimed documentary series "Miracle Planet"  (9)     

  

James Hansen relates methane to another extinction event (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum - PETM): 

   "There have been times in the earth's history when methane hydrates on the 

    continental shelves melted and went into the atmosphere and caused global

    warming of six to nine degrees Celsius, which is 10 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit." (10)

   "It is difficult to imagine how the methane clathrates could survive, once the ocean  

     has had time to warm. In that event a PETM-like warming could be added on top

     of the fossil fuel warming." (11)   

We are clearly dealing with a destructive force of almost unimaginable power, which underlines my earlier warning that it be approached with utmost caution.  

  

                 

Are the Factors Present Which Could Lead to a Runaway?   

In exercising such appropriate caution in dealing with a force of this magnitude, a logical question would be to ask whether the factors are now existent (or may soon be in the very near future) which could potentially unleash such a runaway. Here are several factors which are already present:

A) The incredible warming power of methane as a greenhouse gas (already quantified);  B) The phenomenally huge volume of methane present in the continental shelf areas of the Arctic;  C) The quite shallow depth of these seabeds, which allows direct venting to the surface and atmosphere (methane otherwise safely oxidizes in deep water);  D) Their location in the most rapidly warming region on earth, where such is accelerating due to the "albedo flip" (open water now absorbing solar heat rather than having it reflected away by ice cover) and warmer water infiltrating at the river mouths;  E) Direct observations confirming that large scale methane plumes are venting to the surface and into the atmosphere;  and F) Direct observations confirming that seabed bottom temperatures are hovering at the thaw point (12).   

  

20 Degree (Fahrenheit) Rise in Arctic Temperature by 2095 -

A study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) projects how much temperature rise could be expected in the Arctic by the year 2095 if world governments continue on a business as usual path. Its projection is an astounding 20 degrees (F) (13).  Even more astonishing, this projection does not even consider how feedbacks could amplify this warming even further. According to study co-author Ronald Prinn:  

     "And the odds indicated by this modeling may actually understate the problem, 

      because the model does not fully incorporate other positive feedbacks that can

      occur, for example, if increased temperatures caused a large-scale melting of

      permafrost in arctic regions and subsequent release of large quantities of

      methane, a very potent greenhouse gas. Including that feedback “is just going

      to make it worse.”  (14)  

  

While it is not possible to pinpoint any particular time when a release of methane might hit "critical mass" and initiate the runaway, it certainly appears the necessary ingredients are present and a collision course has been set up. The question is no longer "if" but "when". With the Arctic warming so much faster than the rest of the world and arriving at such incredible temperatures within this century, it is clear that the "writing is on the wall" in terms of the future of methane in the shallow Arctic seabeds. Unless there is a major shift away from the "business as usual" scenario, it is inevitable that they will thaw and vent into the atmosphere.  

  

How Soon Could Late Summer Ice-Free Conditions Accelerate the Warm-up? -   

Most climate observers agree that the steady temperature climb in the Arctic will only accelerate once late summer ice-free conditions set in.  Even with such astounding projections as that by M.I.T., the situation is actually more frightening and urgent. Almost every prediction of how rapidly climate impacts will occur has been out-paced by developments in the real world. If this consistent pattern repeats in regard to loss of Arctic sea ice (as it most likely will), the threat to hydrate stability will accelerate even more quickly. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been projecting a late summer ice-free Arctic by summer 2030. But experts who say that loss of ice thickness should be factored in as well as loss of surface ice are pointing toward an ice-free condition as early as 2015 (15)   

  

One of the top experts on Arctic ice - Peter Wadhams of the University of Cambridge in the UK - supports the PIOMAS sea ice volume model (16).

    Wadhams is concerned that the collapse could prove to be a point of no return for the ice:

   "It is really showing the fall-off in ice volume is so fast that it is going to bring us

    to zero very quickly. 2015 is a very serious prediction and I think I am pretty 

much persuaded that's when it will happen."  (17)    

  

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Archer Acknowledges Power of Methane and Vulnerability (especially in Arctic) -  

In a piece Archer co-authored in 2009 (18), he acknowledged both the destructive power of methane and the fragile and "intrinsically vulnerable" nature of hydrates:     

    "There are concerns that climate change could trigger significant

     methane releases from hydrates and thus could lead to strong positive

    carbon–climate feedbacks. .... Methane hydrate seems intrinsically

    vulnerable on Earth; nowhere at the Earth's surface is it stable to

    melting and release of the methane."

In this same piece, Archer affirms another key factor regarding this vulnerability:

    "Rapid warming well above the global average makes the Arctic hydrates

     particularly vulnerable to climate change."  

In his current post, he alludes to the immense scale of these methane stockpiles and continues to outline the parameters of what is at least an extremely significant potential threat: 

   "The total amount of methane as ocean hydrates is poorly constrained but

    could rival the rest of the fossil fuels combined."  

  

It is significant that Archer acknowledges that the potential exists for a large scale positive methane feedback to occur. Where we disagree is in our assessment of how serious and how urgent this threat is.

  

THE CASE FOR URGENCY REGARDING THE METHANE THREAT:    

 Six Direct Challenges to David Archer  

  

1) Human Warming  *ON TOP OF*  Natural Warming -  

Having acknowledged several key reasons why methane poses at least a very large potential threat to humanity, it is difficult to comprehend why Archer would set himself up as a naysayer and discredit those who see indications that this potential might soon become a reality. One of the ways he tries to do this is to point toward the possibility of natural geothermal warming coming up from below and ask the question: how do we know the plumes are coming from new, human-created warming?  But this question severely misses the point and throws the conversation off track. If indeed there is pre-existing warming coming from below, then this is only going to combine with human-made warming from above to create an even more volatile and dangerous situation.  

If the permafrost cap is becoming perforated (as suggested by Shakhova), then the hydrates may become subject to de-stabilization from both directions.  

  

2)  Arctic Warming Already Approaching Methane Thaw Point in Shallow Seabeds -

Archer does not address the reports of scientists in the field who are describing how close the water temperature in the shallow seabeds is hovering near the thaw point. Igor SemiIetov - the crew leader of the recent U.S.- Russian methane expedition supported by the National Science Foundation - has been tracking the Arctic methane issue for over 15 years. In an interview for our documentary, he shared these remarkable comments on thaw points and warmer water at the surface being driven to deeper depths by increased levels of wind and wave action as the ice cover retreats:

    "When ice has gone, there are stronger winds and waves and a deeper mixing of

     water which causes the comparatively warm upper layer to mix with water at

     deeper levels. There are already studies which confirm that in some areas,

     bottom temperature in summer is 2 to 3 degrees above zero celsius (freezing).

     This means that when we determine average temperature of the year, it is

     already somewhere close to zero degrees celsius (the freezing / thaw point)......  

     As this warming spreads to a larger area, the more that shelf-based permafrost

     will thaw."   (19)     

  

3)  With Methane On Verge of Thawing Within Decades, How Does Archer Defend Complacency? -  

With methane-laden areas already so close to a thaw point, it becomes a critical question to determine how rapidly the temperatures in the Arctic will increase. Once the ice cover undergoes collapse, there is nothing to prevent an escalation of Arctic warming. Under the business as usual scenario, we are seeing stunning projections of how warm the Arctic could become within this century - such as the M.I.T. study. These projections create a collision course whereby currently frozen methane will inevitably thaw. Now a strong case emerges that ice loss could happen even more rapidly than originally speculated, expanding the same open water that Semiletov says is driving warm temperatures downward to the seabed. With such a prospect of a warming Arctic releasing the colossal methane deposits, how does Archer defend the case for complacency?   

     

I would ask him to respond to two science articles - illustrated with graphics - by Sam Carana,  a member of the Arctic Methane Emergency Group (AMEG) which presented a poster, distributed a brochure, and gave a presentation at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) conference in San Francisco. Carana explores the connection between ice loss, warming temperatures in the Arctic, and the release of methane. (20) and (21)

   

4) Grasping Irreversibility, Dropping Insistence on Absolute Evidence That May Come Too Late -

Archer portrays the "alarmist" crowd as predicting a runaway within the next few years. This is not true. What they are saying is that a process may be initiated which could lead to a runaway. Sam Carana speaks to this point:

   "The danger is that if relatively large amounts of methane are released abruptly into

    the atmosphere in the Arctic, they will persist for decades, triggering yet further

    temperature rises and methane releases, in a vicious cycle leading to runaway

    global warming, even if the world did manage to take the necessary steps to

    dramatically reduce emissions."  (22)   

  

As it is the definition of "runaway" that such a feedback will be all but impossible to stop once it starts, the only option for humanity is to act preventatively. When Archer continues the quest for some kind of absolute "smoking gun" evidence that the methane emissions now occuring are being caused by human-made warming, it seems he is having difficulty - as many of us are, including myself -  in grasping the full meaning of the concept of IRREVERSIBILITY. This quest is wrong not only for the reason shared earlier but because at the point this causal connection may well become unequivocally "proven", it is highly possible that the runaway will have already been triggered and therefore too late to stop.   

  

There will be no chance for a do-over here. For those who advocated complacency and were wrong, there will not be an opportunity to reverse course. With all respect, I must ask  why make a gamble that could lead to such unspeakably tragic consequences?   The  incomparably more relevant question to ask is whether the factors may be lining up that could bring on a runaway, and what our societal response should be if they are.   

  

5)  Amplification and Other Consequences of Complacency  -

We are obviously in a situation where time is of the essence. There are also two other factors that come into play. Huge amounts of fossil fuel industry money are backing orchestrated efforts to discredit climate science in general and most certainly any sense of urgency. In addition, many people are struggling with a very natural form of psychological denial that blocks us from seeing how close humanity may be to oblivion.   

  

I have no reason at all to doubt the sincerity of Archer and believe his stance to be genuine. But when a scientist on a blog as respected as Real Climate downplays urgency, it can inadvertently be used as fodder to support both of these factors. Such a stance can be amplified by the blog universe (such as Scientific American as well as many denialist sites)  to give an impression of a "consensus" in the scientific community when this is emphatically not the case. Archer is delivering a message of complacency (what Joe Romm refers to as "pushing the snooze button" (23) )  at precisely the moment when humanity must be heightening its vigilance to avoid passing a point of no return.   

  

6)  The Case for Invoking the Precautionary Principle and Assigning All Resources Necessary to Confirm Whether A Runaway Situation Is Being Approached -

A methane runaway would qualify as a planetary emergency. It is the view of a growing network of concern that several factors are combining which point toward the near term potential for such to develop in the Arctic. Rather than discredit such concern, humanity would be much better served by a rigorous scientific inquiry that could confirm whether there is merit to it. Igor Semiletov, involved in cutting edge field research on methane emissions, has informed this writer that much more could be accomplished with expanded funding support.  

  

I call upon Archer and all Real Climate contributors to vocally support an immediate and high level escalation of research aimed toward "getting at the facts" on potential runaway - no matter where they lead.  As the stakes could not be higher, it would be unspeakably tragic if world governments failed to provide such and the situation evolved to a point where a catastrophe spun out of control.    

  

Preparation of Safe Geo-Engineering Options Should Humanity Need to Use Them - The concept of geo-engineering has attracted a spectrum of opinions ranging from support to opposition and many shades in between. However, there is a fundamental reality staring in our face. If humanity waits until the point of no return is crossed and a runaway is unleashed, it will be too late to develop any such options. In the opinion of this writer, the prudent position is to work now on developing safe geo-engineering options so that there might at least be a chance to implement them should the world become convinced that a runaway is imminent.          Perceiving a threat that Arctic ice could conceivably collapse as soon as 2013, John Nissen - chairperson of the Arctic Methane Emergency Group  (24) - offers a statement in support of urgent development of safe modes of geo-engineering :    "The Arctic Methane Emergency Group (AMEG) has been set up for the express     purpose of drawing the world’s attention to the danger arising from astonishingly     rapid retreat of sea ice, accelerated warming of the Arctic and escalating methane     emissions from the seabed, especially in the area off the Siberian coast. It is the     methane that can produce abrupt climate change, but it is the retreat of sea ice     that has triggered this crisis......  We are approaching a likely point of no return,      and therefore it is essential that emergency measures are taken to avoid passing     this point. This involves intervention on a large scale to cool the Arctic, either     directly or indirectly by cooling currents and rivers flowing into the Arctic. By     definition such intervention constitutes what is called 'geoengineering', but, whereas     geoengineering has generally been considered on a global scale to counter global     warming rising over decades, we need geoengineering geared to cool the Arctic     with a timescale of just months, to prevent a possible collapse in sea ice extent     in September 2013."       Critical Need for the Scientific Community to Speak Out More Forcefully -   In the case of methane, we are not dealing with a dramatic image of an atomic fireball and its capacity to render immediate destruction. But extended over a longer range of time, the global devastation it would inflict would be no less sweeping. The spectre of a methane runaway is real and it is an existential threat to humanity.      In our society, the scientific community holds a position of great respect. In order to protect scientific "objectivity", our tradition has been to separate the institution of science from the realm of public policy. I do not call upon Real Climate to violate its internal agreement and issue specific policy directives. However, I do call upon it to release a generic warning to policy makers that humanity must break out of its state of denial, recognize that the laws of physics do not operate on a political calendar, realize we are dealing with a powerful force that can spin out of control, and therefore quickly educate ourselves as to the severity of the threat. It is my hope that Real Climate - as well as the larger community of climate scientists - will rise to the occasion and show the way.                            Gary Houser          Co-producer and writer                                 "Sleeping Giant of the Arctic:               Could Thawing Methane Trigger Runaway Global Warming?"                                  www.590films.org/methane.html      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IMAGES: Methane bubbles from: Sauter et al. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.041 East Siberian Arctic Shelf map from: Sodahead Arctic sea ice volume decline graph by Wipneus based on PIOMAS data. LINKS and NOTES:   (1)  UK Independent, Dec.13, 2011 Vast methane 'plumes' seen in Arctic ocean as sea ice retreats ...  (2)  RealClimate: Much ado about methane (3)  Vast methane 'plumes' seen in Arctic ocean as sea ice retreats ...  (4)   Arctic sea ice 'to melt by 2015' - Telegraph  (5)  RealClimate Is Alarmed by Arctic Methane, Should You Be ... (6)  Global-warming potential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (7)  Documentary interview with Leifer  www.590films.org/methane.html  , (in progress);  the crew has interviewed climate scientists Igor Semiletov and Natalia Shakhova (Internat'l Arctic Research Center / IARC at the Univ. of Alaska - Fairbanks), Ira Leifer (Marine Science Institute at Univ. of Calif.-Santa Barbara), Vladimir Romanovsky (IARC), and Katey Walter (Univ. of Alaska - Fairbanks). On geological history and extinction events, paleo-climatologists Michael Benton (Univ. of Bristol in UK, author of book When Life Nearly Died) and Andrew Glikson (Australian National Univ. in Canberra). Also in consultation with Peter Wadhams of the Univ. of Cambridge - one of the top Arctic ice experts in the UK.  (8)  Wipeout: the end-Permian mass extinction  (9)  Nine minute segment from "Miracle Planet" :  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exfNNDExxIc&list=PL0200B1524E220C5A&feature=player_embedded  (10)  Interview segment with James Hansen:  http://youtu.be/ACHLayfA6_4    (11)  from Hansen's book Storms of My Grandchildren (12)  Documentary interview with Semiletov   www.590films.org/methane.html  (13)  M.I.T. Study,  M.I.T. doubles its 2095 warming projection to 10°F — with 866 ppm and Arctic warming of 20°F (14)  M.I.T. Study,  M.I.T. doubles its 2095 warming projection to 10°F — with 866 ppm and Arctic warming of 20°F (15)  Arctic sea ice 'to melt by 2015' - Telegraph  (16)  PIOMAS graph link: http://neven1.typepad.com/.a/6a0133f03a1e37970b0153920ddd12970b-pi (17)  Arctic sea ice 'to melt by 2015' - Telegraph  (18)   Archer, co-author  Gas hydrates: entrance to a methane age or climate ... - IOPscience  (19)  Documentary interview with Semiletov   www.590films.org/methane.html  (20)  http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/warming-in-arctic.html (21)  http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/potential-for-methane-release.html  (22)  http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/warming-in-arctic.html (23)  RealClimate Is Alarmed by Arctic Methane, Should You Be ... (24)  Arctic Methane Emergency Group (AMEG) website:   www.arctic-methane-emergency-group.org